Global Health Overview

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of health economics?

Health economics studies how scarce resources are allocated to maximize health outcomes. It focuses on efficiency, effectiveness, and value in healthcare production and consumption.

What are the three main types of costs in health economics?

Direct costs, indirect costs, and intangible costs.

Microeconomics focuses on large-scale economic factors affecting health.

False

What is the term for the value of the next best alternative foregone when making a decision?

Opportunity Cost Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'adverse selection' in health insurance?

High-risk individuals are more likely to buy insurance, leading to increased costs for insurers. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of 'moral hazard' in health insurance.

Insured individuals may overuse healthcare services as they do not bear the full cost. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY)?

A QALY measures the value of health outcomes by combining quality and quantity of life. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Pay-for-Performance (P4P)' refer to in health economics?

A payment model rewarding providers for meeting quality and efficiency benchmarks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of value-based care?

Patient health outcomes rather than volume of services provided. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of health insurance in the U.S.?

Financial protection for catastrophic health events, broad access to healthcare services for a small monthly fee, negotiating prices of healthcare services, ensuring quality of care, promoting healthy behaviors, wealth transfer from wealthier individuals to subsidize healthcare costs for others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a deductible in a health insurance plan?

The deductible is the amount paid out-of-pocket before insurance coverage begins. Signup and view all the answers

Explain what 'coinsurance' means in health insurance.

Coinsurance is the percentage of healthcare costs paid by the patient after the deductible is met. Signup and view all the answers

What is a copayment (copay)?

A copayment is a fixed amount paid by the patient for a healthcare service at the time of visit. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an HMO and a PPO managed care plan?

An HMO requires patients to use a network of doctors and hospitals and requires referrals for specialists. A PPO offers more flexibility with a larger network of providers and does not require referrals for specialists. HMOs typically have lower premiums and out-of-pocket costs, while PPOs typically have higher premiums and out-of-pocket costs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Indian Health Service (IHS)?

To provide healthcare to American Indians and Alaska Natives from federally recognized tribes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following programs provides healthcare to active-duty military personnel and their families?

Military Health System Signup and view all the answers

What is TRICARE?

TRICARE is a health program offering coverage to uniformed service members, National Guard/Reserve, Medal of Honor recipients, and their families. Signup and view all the answers

What is the eligibility requirement for the Veterans Health Administration (VHA)?

Must have served in active military duty and separated under conditions other than dishonorable. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Medicare?

Medicare is a federally funded program covering individuals aged 65+, those with disabilities, or with certain chronic conditions like ESRD or ALS. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of Medicare covers doctor visits, outpatient care, and preventive services?

Part B Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'donut hole' in Medicare prescription drug coverage?

The donut hole in Medicare Part D is a temporary limit on prescription drug coverage where patients must pay more out-of-pocket after reaching a certain spending limit until catastrophic coverage begins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Medicaid?

Medicaid provides health insurance to low-income families, elderly, and disabled individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between being uninsured and underinsured?

Uninsured individuals have no health insurance coverage, while underinsured individuals have insurance but face high out-of-pocket costs or deductibles that are not affordable relative to their income. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary reasons why people lack health insurance in the U.S.?

Cost, income gaps that exclude them from Medicaid but make private insurance unaffordable, age gaps where young adults are ineligible for Medicare but lose coverage from parents' plans, and high premiums and deductibles in employer-sponsored insurance. Signup and view all the answers

What are the health consequences of being uninsured or underinsured?

Delayed or avoided medical care, lack of preventive care, progression of untreated conditions, and higher overall costs when care is finally sought. Signup and view all the answers

Explain what 'uncompensated care' is and how it is paid for.

Uncompensated care is medical services provided to uninsured patients who cannot pay their bills. Signup and view all the answers

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) successfully eliminated the problem of underinsured individuals in the U.S.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of clinical informatics?

Clinical informatics involves the integration of technology with healthcare to enhance patient care, access to care, and health outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the core responsibilities of clinical informatics professionals?

Care coordination, data security, clinical processes improvement, and technology utilization to promote safe, efficient, and patient-centered care. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the HITECH Act?

To promote the use of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and improve data sharing. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main uses of EHR data?

Clinical decision support, quality monitoring, and documentation for complex cases or medico-legal situations. Signup and view all the answers

How can EHRs help address social determinants of health?

EHRs can help identify and address social determinants of health by providing tools for screening for health-related social needs such as food insecurity, housing instability, and lack of transportation. Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the unintended side effects of EHRs?

Increased workload for clinicians, workflow disruptions, shifts in power dynamics as clinicians become reliant on systems managed by non-clinical staff, and frequent updates that can lead to confusion and disruptions in care delivery Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary goals of clinical informatics?

To foresee unintended side effects, adapt workflows to reduce complexity, and continuously monitor care quality. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the key difference between 'spillover' and 'amplification' in One Health.

'Spillover' refers to the movement of pathogens from animals to humans, often facilitated by environmental or social factors. 'Amplification' describes the increase in disease transmission as pathogens move through animal and human populations, often exacerbated by human activity and dense populations. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main barriers to effective One Health implementation?

Lack of legal authority and funding, cultural and social barriers, inadequate infrastructure and collaboration, and global differences in culture, economics, and social determinants of health. Signup and view all the answers

What are some lessons learned from the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa?

The outbreak highlighted the need for improved surveillance, faster response, better infrastructure, and greater cultural sensitivity in outbreak management. Signup and view all the answers

What are some key components of the U.S. healthcare system?

The U.S. healthcare system is a large and complex system with over 14 million positions covering various sectors, including clinical professionals, administrators, and support staff. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key roles of U.S. public health agencies at the local, state, and federal levels?

Federal public health agencies provide oversight and guidance, state agencies implement public health policies and programs, and local agencies deliver essential public health services. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four major global healthcare models?

The Bismarck Model, the Beveridge Model, the National Health Insurance Model, and the Chaos Model. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the strengths of the U.S. healthcare system.

Innovation in medical research and development, top medical advances, and high cancer survival rates. Signup and view all the answers

What are some major weaknesses of the U.S. healthcare system?

High costs, health inequity, and disparities in access to care. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of a single-payer healthcare system.

In a single-payer system, the government covers healthcare expenses for all citizens. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of healthcare payment options?

First-party purchase (patient pays), second-party purchase (someone else pays for the patient), third-party purchase (neither payer nor user is involved, often a government program), and single-payer (government as the sole payer). Signup and view all the answers

What are some best practices for effective communication in healthcare teams?

Mutual respect, constructive feedback, follow-up to ensure understanding, and teamwork. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a transmission model and a transaction model of communication?

The transmission model is a linear, one-way process where the sender transmits a message to a receiver without feedback, while the transaction model is a dynamic, simultaneous process where participants are both senders and receivers, continuously exchanging feedback and creating shared meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What is collective competence?

The ability of a healthcare team to work together effectively, focusing on how the group functions as a whole rather than just the individual competencies of each member. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Global Health Learning Objectives

Global life expectancy has risen dramatically since 1950, from 48 years for males and 53 years for females to 71 and 76 years, respectively, by 2017.
Under-5 mortality rates have significantly decreased, but gender gaps remain due to socioeconomic disparities.
Countries like France have improved life expectancy due to better healthcare and living conditions, while struggles persist in countries like South Africa.
Infectious and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are global health concerns, influencing mortality rates.
Armed conflict and terrorism contribute greatly to global mortality.
Factors such as aging populations and improved healthcare contribute to increasing global disability.
Food security is influenced by availability, access, utilization, and stability, and is impacted by economic downturn, climate crises, and conflict.
Women and men face different risk factors for early death and disability.
Global population growth is impacted by fertility rates, population momentum, and immigration.
Zoonotic diseases, transmitted between animals and humans, are a major concern. Hotspots include Central and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia.
Human encroachment on habitats, deforestation, and climate change increase zoonotic risks.

One Health Learning Objectives

One Health integrates human, animal, and environmental health to enhance overall health outcomes.
Disease spillover and amplification highlight the interconnectedness of human and animal health, often exacerbated by environmental and social factors.
The 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak illustrated the need for robust surveillance, rapid international response, and adequate infrastructure.
Barriers to successful One Health implementation include legal authority, funding, infrastructure, cultural understanding, and limited sector collaboration.

Healthcare Delivery System Learning Objectives

The U.S. healthcare system is a large, complex system with over 14 million employees in various sectors, serving over 331 million individuals with diverse backgrounds.
Federal, state, and local agencies have roles in public health.
The U.S. system incorporates elements from four globally recognized healthcare models: Bismarck, Beveridge, National Health Insurance, and a "chaos" model. The U.S. largely employs a hybrid approach.
Primary care addresses daily health needs; secondary care involves specialists; and tertiary care offers advanced treatment.
Strengths include medical innovation, top medical advances, and high cancer survival rates.
Weaknesses include high costs, significant health inequities, and varying outcomes based on location and socioeconomic factors.
Single-payer healthcare models, where the government funds healthcare, are contrasted with the U.S. system.

Roles & Communications in Collaborative Practice Learning Objectives

Effective communication is essential in healthcare teams, encompassing verbal and nonverbal cues.
Communication models (transmission, interaction, transaction) guide effective exchange of information and collaboration.
Inconsistency in team membership, time constraints, hierarchy, and differing communication styles are barriers to effective communication.
Collaborative effectiveness relies on mutual respect, constructive feedback, follow-up, and teamwork to improve patient-centered care.
Healthcare team roles include physicians, nurses, and other specialists.
Collective competence is crucial in reducing healthcare failures and improving patient outcomes.

Medical Informatics Learning Objectives

Medical informatics combines tech with healthcare for better patient care and improved health outcomes.
Clinical informatics professionals collaborate with IT and healthcare staff to optimize and evaluate healthcare systems.
The HITECH Act promoted EHR adoption and data sharing.
EHRs are digital patient records—improving care coordination, data security, and quality monitoring.
EHRs can identify social determinants of health (SDoH), which are crucial to improve care.
EHRs have potential unintended side effects, such as increased workload and workflow disruption for clinicians.

Health Economics Learning Objectives

Health economics studies optimal allocation of resources for maximized health outcomes.
Types of costs include direct (hospital stays, medication), indirect (lost productivity), intangible (suffering), recurrent (salaries), and capital (equipment/facilities). Opportunity cost and marginal costs are also considered.
Microeconomics focuses on individual decisions, while macroeconomics examines larger economic factors influencing healthcare.
Key health economic terms include adverse selection, moral hazard, QALYs, P4P, and value-based care.
Analysis tools include cost analysis, CEA, CUA, and CBA for resource allocation.
Healthcare markets are unique, impacted by third-party payers, limited patient knowledge, and regulations.

Health Insurance E-Module Study Guide Learning Objectives

Health insurance functions include protection against catastrophic events, broad access for smaller fees, quality of care assurance, and promoting healthy behavior.
Common terms include deductible, coinsurance, copay, premium, and out-of-pocket maximum.
Private insurance options include employer-sponsored, individual, and catastrophic plans.
HMOs are more restrictive than PPOs, with lower premiums and out-of-pocket costs
HDHPs have low premiums and high deductibles, while catastrophic plans provide minimal coverage except for major issues.
ACA aimed at increasing coverage, reducing costs, and improving the overall healthcare market.

Government-Funded Programs E-Module Study Guide Learning Objectives

The IHS provides healthcare to Native Americans, while the VHA serves veterans.
TRICARE/MHS covers military personnel and their families.
Eligibility for Medicare is based on age, disability, or certain chronic conditions; Medicaid eligibility factors involve low income, and CHIP targets low-income children.
Medicare Part D has a "donut hole" in prescription drug coverage.

Uninsured/Underinsured E-Module Study Guide Learning Objectives

Being uninsured means complete lack of coverage; being underinsured means having insufficient coverage.
Reasons for lack of insurance include high costs, low income, and lack of employer coverage.
Uninsured populations often include low-income workers and young adults, potentially facing delayed care and financial hardship.
Uncompensated care, costing over $38 billion annually, supports uninsured patient treatment.
State and federal initiatives address the problem of affordability.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores key global health objectives and trends, including life expectancy, mortality rates, and the impact of socioeconomic factors. Participants will learn about the challenges faced in different countries and the role of healthcare in improving health outcomes. Key themes such as infectious diseases, food security, and gender disparities will also be addressed.