Global Health Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of health as described in the notes?

  • A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (correct)
  • A state of physical fitness and endurance
  • A combination of healthy diet and exercise
  • An absence of any diseases or medical conditions

    • Which of the following is NOT listed as a health-promoting condition?

  • Adequate housing
  • Access to mental health services (correct)
  • Safe working conditions
  • Nutritious foods

    • When was the World Health Organization (WHO) formed?

  • January 1, 1950
  • April 7, 1948 (correct)
  • April 1, 1945
  • January 1, 1948

    • According to the WHO's Constitution, health is considered a fundamental right. What does this include?

    <p>The highest attainable standard of physical and mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant document did the UN General Assembly adopt on December 10, 1948?

    <p>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resiliency, as mentioned in the notes, is best defined as:

    <p>The extent to which an individual can cope with environment changes while satisfying needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The health promotion movement of the 1980s introduced a new understanding of health. What was a key focus of this movement?

    <p>The inclusion of the dynamic concept of resiliency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health?

    <p>Promoting health at the population level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the WHO fulfill its role in global health as a coordinating authority?

    <p>By providing leadership and technical support to countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a component of global health as a discipline?

    <p>Focus on individual patient outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does health equity refer to?

    <p>The absence of avoidable differences in health among groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes upstream prevention?

    <p>Addressing the root causes of health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of health outcomes is attributed to social determinants of health?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of health protection within public health?

    <p>Implementing policies to safeguard community health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a determinant of health?

    <p>Social conditions like education and income</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of health promotion activities in public health?

    <p>Supporting healthy behaviors and lifestyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant environmental initiative did Wangari Maathai found in 1977?

    <p>Green Belt Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major historical event involved the Mau Mau Freedom Army?

    <p>The fight for independence from British colonial rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Wangari Maathai return to Kenya after studying in the US?

    <p>1966</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of President Moi being forced to accept multi-party elections in 1992?

    <p>It marked the first democratic elections in 26 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an aspect of epidemiology in global health?

    <p>Assessing health-related states and the determinants of health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception do many people have regarding their survival and the ecosystem?

    <p>Survival is independent of environmental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects Wangari Maathai's educational background?

    <p>She was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Kenya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the British settler colonialism in Kenya during the early 1900s?

    <p>Exploitation of natural resources leading to oppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can define sub-groups in health studies?

    <p>Age and race</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the denominator in the calculation of relative risk consist of?

    <p>Total number of individuals meeting sub-group criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the disability adjusted life year (DALY)?

    <p>To quantify the overall disease burden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health area does not primarily impact the global burden of disease as represented by DALY?

    <p>Psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of utilizing the DALY measurement?

    <p>It allows for comparing the burden of treated and untreated diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prevalence describe?

    <p>The number of existing cases in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is cumulative incidence calculated?

    <p>Number of new cases over a time period divided by total population at risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the desired outcome with regard to DALY figures?

    <p>A lower number signifies more efficient health interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diseases accounts for the majority of deaths among men and women globally?

    <p>Non-communicable diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition affects the assumption of a constant at-risk population?

    <p>A high incidence rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key issue affects the burden of communicable diseases in poorer populations?

    <p>Inadequate access to healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the crude mortality rate measure?

    <p>All deaths over a specified period divided by the average population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mortality rate accounts for deaths due to a specific cause?

    <p>Cause-specific mortality rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between point prevalence and period prevalence?

    <p>Point prevalence looks at disease at one specific time, while period prevalence spans a duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement uses person-years in its calculation?

    <p>Incidence density rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the at-risk population play in understanding incidence rates?

    <p>It influences the risk of developing the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people infected with tuberculosis typically develop an active infection?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region has the highest occurrence of tuberculosis cases?

    <p>South-East Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is malaria primarily transmitted?

    <p>By mosquitos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the status of malaria's burden of disease in developed countries?

    <p>Extremely small</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deficiency is most commonly linked to nutritional conditions impacting health?

    <p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do maternal health interventions have?

    <p>They are among the most cost-effective health interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key driver increasing cancer cases globally?

    <p>Population growth and ageing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category encompasses injuries, including suicide and its relation to mental health?

    <p>Non-communicable diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common causes of death due to injury?

    <p>Road injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to maternal deaths according to socioeconomic conditions?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Health Defined

    • Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

    Health-Promoting Conditions

    • Availability of healthcare services
    • Adequate housing
    • Safe working environments
    • Nutritious food

    World Health Organization (WHO)

    • Established on April 7, 1948
    • Its constitution came into effect on April 7th
    • This date is celebrated as World Health Day
    • The WHO's role is to direct and coordinate health issues within the UN system.

    Health as a Human Right

    • According to the WHO constitution, everyone has the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
    • This right is independent of race, religion, political views, and socioeconomic status.

    Global Health as a Discipline

    • The discipline involves decision-making based on data and evidence.
    • It focuses on populations rather than individuals.
    • Prevention is valued more than cure.
    • Social justice & equity are emphasized

    Public Health

    • The organized efforts of society to keep people healthy.
    • It includes programs, services, and policies intended to protect/promote health
    • It focuses on population health, preventative measures, making sure resources are accessible.

    Resiliency as an Aspect of Health

    • The extent to which one can satisfy their wants/needs and cope with environmental changes.
    • A resource for everyday life, not just a goal

    Global Burden of Disease (GBD)

    • The GBD is a measurement of overall health loss resulting from diseases and injuries
    • It assesses the health status of different populations globally

    Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

    • A single measure of health burden that includes mortality and morbidity.
    • DALY = YLD (Years Lived with Disability) + YLL (Years of Life Lost)

    Communicable Diseases

    • Include maternal, neonatal, and nutritional issues.
    • Typically spread through airborne droplets or bodily fluids (e.g., TB, HIV, malaria)

    Injuries

    • Can be suicide, war injuries, road accidents or homicides

    Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

    • Are not contagious
    • Examples: cardiovascular disease, cancers

    Measuring Prevalence and Incidence

    • Prevalence measures the proportion of a population with a disease at a specific time.
    • Incidence measures the rate at which new cases of a disease develop in a population over a specific period.

    Social Determinants of Health

    • Conditions where people live, work, learn, and grow
    • These conditions impact health outcomes
    • Examples: gender, disability, housing, family income, education, and race.

    Health Promotion Stages

    • Primordial: prevent disease risk factors.
    • Primary: prevent the disease's development
    • Secondary: early detection and treatment
    • Tertiary: treatment to reduce consequences of disease

    Healthcare Systems

    • Universal health care is key for SDG 3 (ensuring healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all ages).
    • Healthcare should be accessible, affordable and quality for all, regardless of socioeconomic status.

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    Related Documents

    GLPH 271 Final Exam Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential definitions and principles of global health, focusing on the holistic view of health as a human right. Learn about the role of the World Health Organization and the key conditions that promote health for all individuals, regardless of their background.

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