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Questions and Answers
What is the recommended distance for spacing wind turbines in the direction of prevailing wind?
Why is calculating the eigenfrequency of a wind turbine tower important?
How do parabolic trough collectors function in concentrated solar power technology?
What is one of the benefits of a wind/diesel system in remote areas?
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What is the primary function of a heat exchanger in a concentrated solar power system?
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What is the main purpose of placing wind turbines apart in a wind farm?
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What type of fluid is used in parabolic trough collectors for heat transfer?
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What do solar power towers primarily utilize to focus sunlight?
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What is the largest global source for electric power production?
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How much have global temperatures risen over the past 100 years?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the challenges for a 100% renewable power system?
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What is one benefit of using reactive power compensation in the grid?
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What has been the total change in sea level over the past 100 years?
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Which strategy can help maximize the hosting capacity of the distribution system?
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What does C-OLTC stand for?
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What is one challenge associated with power from wind and solar sources?
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Which of the following is classified as a wave energy capture approach?
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What is the formula for calculating the transported time-average wave power per unit of wave length?
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Which type of Light Water Reactor (LWR) is cooled by water at high pressure?
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Which fusion reaction is most probable for energy production?
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What is a significant disadvantage of nuclear fusion energy?
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Where do deuterium and tritium primarily come from for use in fusion reactions?
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Which of these statements about wave energy converters (WEC) is true?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of fusion energy?
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What is the primary benefit of using real-time pricing for electricity?
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Which of the following describes the role of supercapacitors in energy storage?
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How does dynamic line rating (DLR) contribute to renewable energy integration?
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What is a key feature of critical peak pricing in electricity management?
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Which of the following strategies utilizes electric vehicles for grid support?
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Which energy sources are considered primary producers for meeting future electricity demands in Sweden?
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What is the typical sequence of actions during a frequency disturbance in power systems?
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What is a disadvantage of pumped hydro compared to supercapacitors?
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What is the effect of wind energy curtailment on power production?
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How does reactive power compensation help in power management?
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What role does dynamic line rating (DLR) play in power systems?
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What is one benefit of dynamic transformer rating (DTR)?
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What is a characteristic of centralized power systems?
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How can hosting capacity be increased in a power system?
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What is a possible outcome of using active management strategies in wind energy systems?
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What is a common challenge associated with wind energy production?
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Study Notes
Global Power Production Sources
- Coal is the largest source of global electric power production.
- Gas is the second largest source of global electric power production.
- Hydro is the third largest source of global electric power production.
- Nuclear is the fourth largest source of global electric power production.
- Wind is the fifth largest source of global electric power production.
- Oil is the sixth largest source of global electric power production.
- Solar is the seventh largest source of global electric power production.
- Other renewables are the eighth largest source of global electric power production.
Climate Change Indicators
- Over the past 100 years, global temperatures have risen about 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit).
- Sea levels have risen about 160 to 210 millimeters (6 to 8 inches), with about half of that amount occurring since 1993.
Challenges for a 100% Renewable Power System
- Increased consumption and electrification of transportation and industry put strain on renewable energy sources.
- Intermittent production from wind and solar power makes it difficult to match demand and supply.
- Power quality issues arise from wind and solar power sources.
- Wind and solar power sources can impact power system stability.
- Meeting peak load demand with wind and solar power presents a challenge.
- The grid needs to be expanded and interconnected with other countries for efficient renewable integration.
- Geographical matching of production and consumption is essential for grid stability.
- Managing reactive power flow is a key challenge.
- Optimizing the existing grid for efficient renewable energy use is crucial.
Active Management Strategies for Grid Optimization
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Reactive Power Compensation:
- Using capacitors to regulate reactive power and stabilize voltage.
- Variable speed wind turbines can supply reactive power to the grid themselves.
- Static VAR Compensators (SVC) and Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM) can provide additional reactive power.
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Coordinated On-Load Tap Changer Voltage Control (C-OLTC):
- Utilizes tap changers in transformers to control outgoing voltage.
- Maintains voltage within acceptable limits at critical points in the system.
- Works efficiently with wind and solar power.
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Wind Energy Curtailment:
- Reduces wind farm output to prevent overvoltage or overloading.
- Implemented when supply exceeds demand.
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Dynamic Line Rating (DLR):
- Actively monitors power cables to determine maximum allowable production.
- Curtails wind farms when cable temperature exceeds a predetermined limit.
- Increases hosting capacity for wind power by considering real-time conditions.
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Dynamic Transformer Rating (DTR):
- Evaluates load and temperature variations to increase transformer rating while maintaining safety.
- Results in smaller transformers with lower cost, increased reliability, and lower wind electricity prices.
Centralized vs. Decentralized Power Production
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Centralized Power System:
- Comprises a few large power stations.
- Power flows in one direction: from production to consumers.
- Benefits include efficient large-scale energy generation and lower costs per unit.
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Decentralized Power System:
- Consists of numerous smaller power sources distributed across the grid.
- Power flows in multiple directions, enhancing grid resilience and flexibility.
- Benefits include increased reliability, reduced transmission losses, and greater local control over energy resources.
Supercapacitors vs. Pumped Hydro for Energy Storage
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Supercapacitors:
- Ideal for storing smaller amounts of energy for high-power applications.
- Can withstand many rapid charge/discharge cycles.
- Not commonly used for long-term storage due to low energy density.
- Primarily used for power quality improvements.
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Pumped Hydro:
- Suitable for larger-scale energy storage.
- Has longer response times compared to supercapacitors.
- Limited in application due to geographical constraints.
Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) for Renewable Integration
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DLR:
- Continuously monitors power cables in the grid.
- Dynamically adjusts the allowable production from wind farms based on cable load and temperature variations.
- Enables increased wind power installation within the existing grid.
Frequency Control Sequence in Power Systems
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Frequency Containment Process:
- Rapidly limits frequency drop and stabilizes the frequency.
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Frequency Restoration Process:
- Gradually brings the frequency back to its nominal value (50 Hz).
Designing the Swedish Power System for 2050
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Energy Sources:
- Solar and wind power as primary sources.
- Hydropower as backup for ensuring reliable energy supply.
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Capacity:
- Sizes of solar and wind farms depend on specific local conditions and potential capacity.
- Hydropower capacity should suffice as a reliable backup for periods of low wind and solar output.
Wave Energy Converter (WEC) Categorization
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Wave Energy Capture Approach:
- Wave Activated Bodies: Devices that move with the wave.
- Oscillating Water Column: Air trapped in a chamber oscillates with the wave.
- Overtopping Devices: Capturing water from a wave and directing it to a higher level.
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Wave Direction Approach:
- Point Absorber: Small buoys that absorb wave energy by moving vertically.
- Attenuators: Long structures that oscillate with the wave.
- Terminators: Solid barriers that reflect wave energy back to the sea.
Wave Power Calculation
- Formula: * P = ρgA²c *
- P: Wave power per unit of wave length (W/m)
- ρ: Density of water (approximately 1000 kg/m³)
- g: Acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.81 m/s²)
- A: Wave amplitude (half the wave height)
- c: Phase velocity (speed of the wave crests)
Nuclear Energy
Fusion Reaction
- Reaction: Deuterium + Tritium => Helium + Neutron + Energy
- Deuterium: Harvested from seawater.
- Tritium: Radioactive; produced from Lithium, found in Earth's crust and seawater.
Light Water Reactors
- Boiling Water Reactor (BWR): Cooled by water at medium pressure (70 bar).
- Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR): Cooled by water at high pressure (155 bar).
Advantages of Fusion Power
- Potential for large-scale, safe, and environmentally friendly energy.
- Virtually inexhaustible and readily available fuel.
- Limited long-term waste disposal burden.
- No byproducts used for nuclear weapons.
- Can be designed for inherent safety.
- Requires active control for energy production.
- Utilizes minimal fuel (1 gram) in the reactor.
- No risk of meltdown.
Disadvantages of Fusion Power
- Fusion requires nuclei to be extremely close together.
- Nuclei are electrically charged, repelling each other, making fusion difficult to achieve.
Wind Turbine Design
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Spacing:
- 7 to 10 rotor diameters apart in the prevailing wind direction.
- 3 to 5 rotor diameters apart in the crosswind direction.
- This spacing minimizes wake turbulence and improves overall wind farm efficiency.
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Eigenfrequency:
- Calculating the eigenfrequency of a wind turbine tower is crucial to avoid resonance.
- Ensures structural integrity, prevents fatigue, and improves dynamic response to external loads.
- Contributes to safety, reliability, and longevity of the wind turbine.
Stand-Alone Wind/Diesel and Wind/Solar Systems
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Wind/Diesel System:
- Combines a wind turbine with a diesel generator.
- Wind turbine provides energy during favorable conditions.
- Diesel generator serves as backup during low wind or high demand.
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Wind/Solar System:
- Combines a wind turbine with a solar panel array.
- Wind turbine generates electricity during windy conditions.
- Solar panels provide energy during sunlight hours.
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Benefits:
- Reliability of energy supply in remote or off-grid areas.
- Reduced fuel consumption, especially in wind/diesel systems.
- Flexibility in energy generation.
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Technologies
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Parabolic Trough Collectors:
- Utilize curved mirrors/reflectors to focus sunlight on absorber tubes.
- Heat is transferred through a synthetic oil to a heat exchanger, generating steam.
- Steam drives a turbine to produce electricity.
- Mature CSP technology that can be connected to storage.
- Efficiency from collector to grid is 15%.
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Solar Power Towers:
- Employ hundreds or thousands of small heliostats to concentrate sunlight onto a central receiver at the top of a tower.
- Heliostats track the sun to maximize heat transfer.
Demand Management Strategies
- Real Time Pricing: Electricity price based on spot market fluctuations.
- Time of Use: Different pricing throughout the day.
- Critical Peak Pricing: Highest prices during periods of grid congestion.
- Direct Load Control: Lower electricity/grid fees if the Distribution System Operator (DSO) controls certain appliances.
- Interruptible/Curtailable Service: Lower electricity/grid fees in exchange for the ability to restrict specific loads during peak periods.
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies
- V2G: Electric vehicles provide services to the grid by supplying stored energy.
- V2H: Vehicle-to-Home: Increases resilience and creates a microgrid.
- V2V: Vehicle-to-Vehicle: Exchange of energy between vehicles.
- V2L: Vehicle-to-Load: Uses the vehicle's battery to power devices.
Optimizing the Whole Power Grid
- Dynamically optimize the power grid for better performance.
- Utilize demand response strategies, active management strategies, and grid expansion techniques to balance supply and demand, enhance grid stability, and integrate renewable energy sources effectively.
- Promote grid interconnections between countries to enhance flexibility and reliability.
- Foster the development and deployment of smart grid technologies to optimize grid operation and enhance reliability.
- Implement advanced grid management systems to monitor and control grid operations effectively.
- Encourage collaboration and knowledge sharing among stakeholders to advance grid modernization initiatives.
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Description
Explore the various sources of global electric power production and their contribution to climate change. This quiz delves into the challenges of achieving a fully renewable power system and the effects of rising temperatures and sea levels. Test your knowledge on energy sources from coal to solar and their environmental impacts.