Tectonics

False (B)

Volcanic hotspots

<p>Tuzo Wilson</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convergent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>OFZ (Oceanic Fracture Zone) = A belt of activity through the oceans and along the mid-ocean ridges through Africa, the Red Sea, the Dead Sea. CFZ (Continental Fracture Zone) = A belt of activity along the mountain ranges from Spain through the Alps to the Middle East and to the Himalayas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing development and more widespread insurance policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ash flows (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heat from a volcanic eruption melting snow and ice, or heavy rainfall coinciding with an eruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Park Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic cost of the disaster (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A serious disruption of a community or society with widespread losses exceeding the community's ability to cope using its own resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure and Release Model (PAR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relief = Immediate local response, search and rescue Rehabilitation = Restoring services, temporary shelters Reconstruction = Restoring infrastructure, rebuilding homes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Good governance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce economic losses due to disasters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>deteriorates, recovers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acknowledges that social factors can contribute to vulnerability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basalt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Underwater earthquakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary = Travels through solids and compressional Secondary = Vibrates at right angles to direction of travel Love = Rolling motion producing vertical ground movement Rayleigh = Vertical and horizontal displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>soil liquefaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>epicentre</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fast-flowing lava (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predicting the exact time and location of the hazard (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modify the Event, Modify the Vulnerability, Modify the Loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rayleigh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hazard Management Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preparedness = Immediate action taken after an event Response = Long-term responses to restore normalcy Recovery = Strategies to lessen the effects of future hazards Mitigation = Being ready for an event to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small earthquakes (tremors), changes to the top surface of the volcano as it swells, changes to the tilt of the volcano as the slope angle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tsunami</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conducting search and rescue operations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Government corruption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of potential revenue and economic uncertainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>air</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tohoku earthquake &amp; tsunami = Impact on TNCs like Toyota and BMW Eyjafjallajökull eruption = Closure of European air space Deforestation = Worsening of secondary hazards Preparedness programs = Increase in community awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Denser oceanic plate subducts below continental plate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oceanic and continental</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lithosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destructive = Plates move towards each other Constructive = Plates move apart Conservative = Plates slide past each other Transform = Result in fault lines or earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fold mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>radiogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It melts and forms magma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fault lines or earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>composite</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paleomagnetism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of losing employment or assets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>rapid urbanisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical Vulnerability = Living in a hazard-prone area Economic Vulnerability = Risk of losing wealth during hazards Social Vulnerability = Community support for disadvantaged individuals Knowledge Vulnerability = Lack of training and understanding of hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common Causes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy released in an earthquake</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure &amp; Release</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volcanic Explosivity Index = Explosiveness of a volcanic eruption Modified Mercalli Scale = Destructiveness of an earthquake Moment Magnitude Scale = Energy released in an earthquake</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weak governance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predictability of where a hazard will affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modified Mercalli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Close proximity to hazards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Micro (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can help prevent collapsing; Protects people and property</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NGOs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asset inequality; Political inequality; Social status inequality; Entitlement inequality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>poorly equipped</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be overtopped (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Land use zoning = Preventing building on high-risk areas Lava diversion = Barriers and water cooling Community preparedness = Education initiatives Tsunami defenses = Sea walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predicting eruption is possible in some cases; Can provide warnings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing population density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A potential threat to human life and property caused by natural processes.

Hazards caused by land processes, often near tectonic plate boundaries.

Hazards caused by climatic processes such as storms and floods.

An earthquake occurring away from plate boundaries due to pre-existing weaknesses.

A localized area of high temperature in the lithosphere, causing volcanic activity.

A belt of tectonic activity through oceans and mid-ocean ridges.

A belt of activity along mountain ranges across continents.

Increased recorded hazards and affected populations, but fewer fatalities overall.

Volcanic rock and ash ejected into the air during an eruption.

Gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide released during a volcanic eruption.

Mudflows caused by volcanic activity, mixing rock, mud, and water.

Sudden floods resulting from melting ice after a volcanic eruption.

Rain that becomes acidic due to the presence of volcanic gases.

A serious disruption causing significant losses exceeding community coping capabilities.

Assessing potential risk from a hazard based on vulnerability and intensity.

Concept that a disaster occurs when a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard.

A significant disruption affecting a community's ability to cope with losses.

Costs arising from a disaster, including jobs lost and repairs needed.

Graphical representation showing human responses to hazards over time.

Model analyzing factors that increase population vulnerability to hazards.

Stages include relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction post-disaster.

Underlying factors like poverty and governance that increase risk to hazards.

Methods of assessing disasters based on affected populations and impacts.

Deaths that occur immediately due to a disaster.

Deaths that occur as a result of diseases or conditions after a disaster.

The Earth's outermost layer, thinnest and less dense.

Layer below the crust, semi-molten, composed of silicate rocks.

Layer of dense, semi-molten rocks containing iron and nickel alloys.

Solid, central layer of the Earth under extreme pressure.

Where plates move towards each other, causing subduction.

Where plates move away from each other, creating new land.

Where plates slide past each other, no land is created or destroyed.

Process where one tectonic plate moves under another.

Formation of new oceanic crust as magma rises between diverging plates.

Study of magnetic properties of rocks to understand plate movement.

Mountains formed by pressure buildup as plates collide.

Formed when continental plates separate and create a valley.

Occur at plate boundaries where magma rises through the crust.

Low density, mainly basalt, and thin.

High density, mainly granite, and thick.

Movement caused by heated mantle rising and sinking.

Old oceanic crust pulls the rest of the plate down.

The point underground where the earthquake starts.

Hazards that arise due to the effects of primary disasters, exacerbated by factors like deforestation.

The point on the surface directly above the focus.

Education and community programs designed to raise awareness and teach response techniques for disasters.

Fast compressional waves that move through solids.

Slower waves that vibrate at right angles, only through solids.

Corruption in government increases vulnerability during disasters by misallocating critical resources.

Soil behaves like a liquid due to pressure from water.

Large-scale disasters affecting vast areas, requiring international aid due to their rare occurrence.

Waves generated by the displacement of water during earthquakes.

Mega-disasters can halt production and trade, causing significant economic uncertainty for companies.

Rapid mixture of hot rock, ash, and gases from a volcano.

Streams of molten rock erupting from a volcano.

Smaller earthquakes that follow the main shock.

Energy waves from earthquakes that travel through the ground.

Measures the amplitude of waves produced during an earthquake; most widely used scale.

Outlines stages of responding to hazards; includes preparation, response, recovery, and mitigation.

Immediate actions taken after an event, such as evacuation and medical assistance.

Long-term responses to restore services and reconstruct after a disaster.

Strategies to lessen the effects of hazards, like building codes and warning signals.

Forecasting earthquake risks based on data; accurate prediction is limited.

Short-term recovery assistance including food, water, and shelter after a disaster.

Long-term recovery efforts like rebuilding homes and infrastructure after a disaster.

Cannot control seismic activity but can control building designs to reduce harm.

Local economic or political factors affecting communities or organizations.

Physical conditions that negatively impact individuals' safety and health.

Living in a hazard-prone area with little protection.

Risk of losing employment, wealth, or assets during a hazard.

Inability of communities to support their disadvantaged members.

Lack of training or awareness about hazards and evacuation.

Increased risk due to high population density in a community.

A framework showing how dynamic pressures lead to vulnerability.

Underlying factors such as weak governance affecting vulnerability.

Comparative analysis of characteristics shared by different hazards.

A scale measuring the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions.

Measures earthquake destructiveness based on human experience.

Measures the energy released by an earthquake on a logarithmic scale.

Fast population growth leading to poor planning and infrastructure.

Ineffective management and regulation, leading to vulnerability.

Strengthening individual buildings and structures for disaster mitigation.

Large scale support and protective measures for entire communities.

Structures built to prevent waves from flooding inland areas.

Coastal trees that help dissipate tsunami wave energy.

Method to redirect lava flows using barriers and cooling.

Planning to prevent construction in high-risk areas.

Structures designed with features to withstand disasters.

Training and educating communities to respond to hazards.

Immediate assistance like food and shelter post-disaster.

Reconstruction efforts to improve resilience after a disaster.

The relationship between poverty and vulnerability to hazards.

Power disparities among different community groups.

Challenges faced by rural areas due to poor accessibility.

Increased vulnerability of densely populated urban areas.