Global City: Defining Characteristics

Module Overview: Global Migration and Demography

• This module focuses on migration and demography within The Contemporary World course.
• Delves into human movement dynamics and changes in population.
• Aims to explore how those factors impact our global landscape.
• Its goal is to critically assess how migration and demography relate to existing global issues.

Module 5 Schedule

• Week 1 & 2 will involve 6 hours consultation hours.

Lesson 1: Global City

• Explores what makes a city "global" and examines defining characteristics.
• Investigates the historical development, economic and cultural roles, and challenges of global cities.
• Provides a deeper insight into how global cities influence globalization and what their future role might be in an urbanized world.

Learning Outcomes for Global Cities

• Define a global city and identify its key features that set it apart from other urban centers.
• Recognize the social-cultural, economic, and political issues confronting global cities.

Defining Global Cities

• Saskia Sassen (1991) identified New York, London, and Tokyo as the only three global cities, which are hubs of global capitalism.
• Sassen's choices indicated that economic factors were the primary criteria for global city status.
• Global cities are ‘command centers’ and primary hubs of global capitalism.
• These cities exert major influence on the global economic, cultural, and political landscape.
• They sit atop the urban cultural hierarchy, which fosters cultural innovation and attracts visitors.
• Global city inhabitants are knowledge workers who consist of a mobile, career-focused middle class.
• The growing presence of knowledge workers in global cities results in gentrification.
• Gentrification involves wealthier people moving into urban districts, increasing rents and property values, and also changes in character and culture.
• Characterized by occupational and income polarization, global cities feature both high-paid professionals and low-paid service providers.
• The labor market in global cities is increasingly "hourglass-shaped", with a shrinking middle class.
• Economic power largely determines which cities achieve global status.
• Global cities serve as centers of authority.
• Washington, D.C., is an example as the seat of American state power containing landmarks like the White House and the Capitol Building.
• Global cities house major international organizations and serve as centers of political influence
• New York hosts the United Nations
• Brussels hosts the European Union
• Jakarta hosts ASEAN
• Global cities often contain Centers of higher learning and culture
• New York City and Boston are examples
• Global cities display fast-paced and cosmopolitan lifestyles.
• These cities can be sites of inequality, poverty, and violence.

Challenges Faced

• Congestion and pollution, along with the risk of major terror attacks.
• Gentrification pushes out lower-income residents in favor of wealthier newcomers.

Salient Features

• High international and national connectivity.
• Diverse international population base.
• Wide array of international cuisine.
• Strong international infrastructure and culture.
• Presence of international businesses.
• Support for a recognized language for international business.
• Overall global economic and political significance.

Key Indicators Table

• Economic indicators include multinational corporate headquarters.
• Political indicators include active influence and participation.
• Cultural indicators include first-name familiarity.
• Industrial indicators include advanced transportation systems.
• Large international airports and ports are major components.
• Advanced communications infrastructure is essential.
• Skyscrapers are a key feature of global cities.
• International financial institutions exist globally.
• The city holds a significant financial capacity or output.
• Significant financial capacity is shown city and regional GDP.
• The city hosts global events.
• Headquarters for international organizations exist within the city.
• The area contains quality standards and influential Media
• The cities also contain and support Expat communities and tourism

Global City Implications

• The global city economic system widens inequalities between elite professionals, specialists,and the working class.
• It can increase inequalities between the North and South hemispheres.

Lesson 2: Global Demography and Population Education

• This lesson covers global demography and population education.
• It explores demography concepts, the importance of population studies, and current issues influencing population dynamics.
• Provide a comprehensive understanding of how population changes affect society and the environment.

Learning Outcomes for Demography

• Define demography's main concepts.
• Discuss demographic issues and their implications.
• Explain the principles and objectives of population education.
• Critically assess different perspectives on population and their implications for our world.

Activity: Four Corner Debate

• Is to read out statements and have studnets split into 4 corners.
• The corners being: Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree
• Example statements include: "Urbanization is beneficial for economic growth" or "Countries should have policies to control population growth."

Activity: Using a Cellphone

• To answer specific global population questions as an activity.
• Questions range from global population, which is the highest
• What is the average life expectancy worldwide?
• Lastly name two countries with declining populations

Global Demography

• The unchecked multiplication of the human species is a threat to mankind's existence.
• Population growth impacts ecological balance, unemployment, urbanization, and hinders development.
• Global demography studies population statistics and trends across regions and countries.
• It entails dissecting elements such as birth rates, death rates, age distribution, migration patterns, and population growth.
• These elements explains how many people live on Earth as well as how they live, work, and interact.
• Demography is important, by connecting nearly everything like terrorism, regional conflict, environment, health, education, and food security.

Population Numbers

• The projected world population with the top 20 countries by population in 2024.
• Population growth hits per capita income, living standards, causing poverty and hunger.

Influences of Population Growth:

• Fertility rates affect the population.
• Increasing longevity affects population change.
• International migration affects population.
• Fertility is the actual level of childbearing in a population.
• Causes for fertility rates are grouped in biological factor, and social factor.
• The primary biological factor is the number of childbearing age.
• Other biological factors affecting fertility are nutrition for women of childbearing age.
• Social factors includes roles for women in society and prevalent viewpoints of family size.
• Mortality is the number of deaths in a specific time, group, or cause, which is the death rate.
• World population growth in recent years has primarily been caused by a decline in mortality (or increasing longevity).
• Migration is the movement of people from one area to another to change residencies.

Migration

• Migration affects the size and distribution of the population in a given area.
• Migration involves two types of movement; Immigration and Emigration
• Immigration means people moving into an area to take up residency.
• Emigration means people moving out of an area to take up residency elsewhere.

Perspectives on Population

• The Malthusian perspective says the power of population is vastly greater than what the earth can produce for subsistence.
• Population grows geometrically, while food increases arithmetically.
• Population growth overtakes food supply, leading to population termination and potential elimination.
• Overpopulation leads to poverty
• Three factors are believed to control human population that exceeded the Earth's capabilities.
• Malthus thought it could be prevented with positive checks or preventive checks on population.
• Positive checks are mortality rates from famine, disease, and war.
• Preventive checks include sexual abstinence before marriage and postponing marriage.
• Those checks should be undertaken in order to have few children.
• The Marxist idea, the food supply is not threatened by overpopulation and that it is possible to produce food and goods to meet demands.
• Marx and Engels saw poverty as coming from capitalists exploiting workers by owners of production leading to production increases.
• The labor of the working classes was exploited to supply more machinery rather than supplying food for all.
• Overpopulation then occurs with capitalists desiring surplus workers to suppress wages and force productivity.
• Contemporary says capital, not food, shortage troubles the low income nations.
• With technological advances, agricultural food production can meet world demands with efficient distributing.
• Capital shortage relates to the lack of money to maintain business.
• It's a problem because past physical capital cannot meet modern economic development.
• The Neo-Malthusian says the Earth is dying with too many people, too little food, with compounding environmental damage.
• Overpopulation and rapid growth results in global issues with possible famine and vulnerability.
• Early Neo-Malthusianism published birth control handbooks with sexual conduct eventually minimized.
• Later Neo-Malthusians encouraged people to only have one or two children, to help with zero population growth.
• The Cornucopian Theory says environmental problems from global population will be solved with human ingenuity and technological innovation.
• Population explosion is a big problem with solutions developed on several national and international policies.

Population Education

• Population explosion affects everything and everyone.
• There is an issue affects health, wealth and happiness.
• There is an urgent need of population education.
• Population education is based on the belief that rapid growth is a constant threat and over population affects the health and the standard of living.
• Education should not be mixed with sex education rather create the right attitude to family size.
• Several policy actions require different situations.
• Japan needs to increase its population.
• The Philippines needs to limit it.
• Regions in Asia via population are Southern Asia, Eastern Asia, South-Eastern Asia and Western Asia.
• Every day, 250,000 people are added to the world's population.
• The world population doubled in 33 years
• Overpopulation was said to be the root cause of social issues particularly hunger.
• Earth's supportable food, habitat, water, medical care, and education is the carrying capacity.
• Balance should be maintained with resources or society will perish.

Lesson 3: Global Migration

• Global migration examines movement, impact, and immigration policies.

Learning Outcomes for Global Migration

• Identify different types of migration.
• Explain push and pull factors of migration.
• Evaluate benefits and challenges for sending and receiving countries.
• Identify and analyze current migration trends.
• Collaborate to propose solutions to related issues.
• Leaving everything to start life is a significant change.
• Content says everyday many people leave safety for something better

Migration

• Migration is defined as movement with the purpose of taking up residence across a political boundary.
• Migrants are are not defined under international law
• A migrant refers to a person that moves away from their residence.
• Reason for the IOM definition is not to create any new legal category.
• Refugees are outside the country with fear of persecution, conflict, or violence.
• Refugees, which can be found under the UNHCR, require international protection.
• Types of migration: Internal migration, International migration, and Forced or involuntary Migration.
• Internal migration means population movement within a country.
• International migration means people between countries over greater distances.
• Forced or involuntary migration is when the government forces people to migrate. Examples include in World War 2 and in early United States.
• Impelled migration is people forced because circumstances like war.
• Return migration is the voluntary return to their original place to outlive for which they left.
• Economic migration means moving to improving the standard of living.
• Family migration involves family reunification which immigration enable the rest of family into a certain country.
• Migrant transnationalism is a process characterized with awareness
• Transnational migration is maintaining nation ties.
• International movement and settlement builds connections to origin countries while settling.

Push and Pull

• Push factors include Persecution, Violence, War, Poor wages, Lack of jobs, Crop failure and famine, Pollution, Natural disaster, Limited opportunities,Lack of services and Family separation
• Pull factors consist of Safety and Stability, Freedom, Higher wages, Job prospects, Food availability, Better opportunities, Family Reunification, Better quality of life and Availability of services
• Sending country loses people of working age and causes gender imbalances.
• They also may deal with 'Brain Drain' if skilled workers leave
• Host countries will see a richer climate and may help reduce labor shortages.
• There is also an increasing cost of services such as health and disagreements between religious and cultural.
• Temporary migrants are Filipinos who stay overseas, and are typically employed and documented.
• Irregular migrants are Filipinos who are not properly documented with no permits.
• The movement of capital, services, goods and people is globalization.
• Countries need globalization to sustain economics.

Remittance Numbers

• In 2023, remittance flows to LMICs are estimated to have increased by 0.7 per cent and are expected to increase.
• India is the top LMIC which the United States is the top remittance-sending country.
• Conflict in countries including Syria, Yemen have led to displacement.
• Refugees are often most in need of help
• Bangladesh forced extreme violence.
• Also climate change and extreme weather affect migration as work, family, or study.
• Destinations are India with the main origin of migration which includes Mexico and China.
• The United States is the destination, the United Arab Emirates has a greater contingent.
• As a result of migration, Gulf Cooperation Council migrated.
• Turkey is the host nation with most record with high numbers.
• Journeys are dangerous particularly when two boats sank in a deadly region.
• Filipino migrants are in need where their rights abroad are protected.
• Exploitation with harassment is remain with their migrations.