Global and Nigerian Shipping Routes

Shipping Routes

• Shipping routes are defined paths used for transporting goods across seas, oceans, and waterways
• Shipping routes are essential for both logistics companies and global shipping

Importance of Shipping Routes in Global Trade

• Shipping routes are critical for moving goods globally
• Shipping routes link production centers with markets worldwide
• Maritime routes are the foundation of international trade
• Maritime routes rely on efficient and safe practices
• Shipping routes optimize logistics, offering cost-effective and time-efficient transportation

Shipping Routes and Importance in Nigeria

• Nigeria's maritime sector is pivotal to its economy regarding oil, gas, and export/import trade
• Lagos Port is among the busiest in Africa
• Lagos Port facilitates high-volume shipping
• Over 90% of Nigeria's export revenue is from oil, much of which is transported by sea
• There is growth of shipbuilding and port infrastructure occurring

Key Maritime Security Concepts

• Maritime security concepts include safety, security, and risk management

Maritime Safety

• Maritime safety involves protection against accidents, ensuring safe navigation with lifeboats and fire safety
• Marine safety' addresses the safety of ships and maritime installations
• Marine safety's primary aim is to protect maritime professionals and the marine environment
• Maritime safety is a broad term in construction, maintenance and professional crew management
• Maritime safety's characteristics: state of marine system where no element threatens another
• Maritime safety regulates vessel and installation construction, safety procedures, and maritime professional education
• Maritime safety comprises technological and operational ship measures, navigation safety, person safety in distress and pollution prevention

Maritime Security

• Maritime security prevents criminal activities: piracy, smuggling, and terrorism
• Maritime security creates sea security to facilitate prosperity by encouraging free sea access from illegal actions
• Maritime security protects a State's territorial integrity from military vessel attacks
• Risk management identifies and mitigates risks to vessels, ports, and marine environments
• Maritime security includes piracy, armed robbery at sea, trafficking, illegal fishing, war, maritime terrorism and interstate rivalry like in the South China Sea

Maritime Security Focus

• Maritime security is a general term for vessel protection
• Protects from terrorism, piracy, robbery, trafficking, illegal fishing and pollution
• 'Maritime security' gained salience after the September 11th attacks due to maritime terrorism fears
• Piracy off Somalia's coast between 2008-2011 made maritime security prominent
• Maritime crimes garner attention, including human trafficking
• "Blue economy" significance and environmental protection also bring awareness
• Interstate tensions in regions such as the Arctic, South China Sea, and naval investments by emerging powers like India are important

Economic Impact of Maritime Security

• Maritime security protects an essential element of a country's economy
• The shipping industry annually contributes $183.3 billion USD and 4.2 million jobs
• Two-thirds of the value of total global trade is represented by cargo transported on ships
• Global economies would be chronically unable to operate at full capacity without maritime security
• Open seas would devolve into disorder

Risk Management

• Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential risks
• Risk management maintains the safety and security of maritime operations
• It's the critical tool in maritime safety for minimizing accidents, damages, and environmental impacts
• Risk management focuses on vessels, ports and marine environments

Identifying Maritime Risks

• Types of Risks in Maritime include Operations, Operational, Equipment failure, Human error and Navigation
• Security includes Risks, Piracy, Terrorism, Smuggling and Environment
• Other risks include Oil spills, Chemical contamination and Ballast water discharge
• Regulatory concerns include Legal and Regulatory Risks, Non-compliance with international regulations (IMO standards) and Violations of national laws

Maritime Security Threats

• Traditional maritime security threats are direct and physical, such as military or criminal actions
• State actors (naval warfare) or criminals (piracy, smuggling) start classic threats
• Traditional threat impact: Immediate disruptions, property damage and loss of life
• Examples of traditional threats: Piracy, naval warfare, smuggling, illegal fishing
• Non-traditional maritime security threats are indirect, global, or complex
• Global forces (climate change, cyberattacks, or terrorism) start non-traditional threats
• Non-traditional threat impact: Long-term or widespread effects like trade or environmental disruptions
• Examples of non-traditional threats: Cybersecurity risks, climate change, human trafficking, and pollution

Maritime Security Threats

• Piracy: Armed attacks on ships for ransom, goods, or hijacking.
• Naval Warfare: Conflicts between nations disrupting maritime trade routes.
• Smuggling: Illegal transport of goods (drugs, weapons, humans) across int'l waters.
• Armed Robbery at Sea: Theft or hijacking of vessels in congested maritime zones.
• IUU Fishing: Unauthorized fishing depleting marine resources.
• Maritime Blockades: Blocking trade routes or ports during conflict. Border Violations: Unauthorized incursions into waters to exploit resources.
• State-Sponsored Aggression: Naval actions asserting control over zones.
• Warship Threats: Military vessel deployment disrupting maritime stability.
• Terrorist Attacks on Ships: Intentional attacks on vessels or infrastructure.

Non Traditional Maritime Threats

• Cybersecurity Risks: Attacks disrupting shipping, data, or port infrastructure
• Environmental Hazards: Pollution, oil spills, damaging ecosystems.
• Climate Change: Rising seas, extreme weather, impacting shipping routes.
• Human Trafficking: Exploiting people via routes for labor/sexual exploitation.
• Migrant Smuggling: Trafficking people across seas in unsafe boats.
• Biosecurity Risks: Introduction of invasive species via shipping.
• Maritime Terrorism: Targeting of ports or shipping lanes.
• Geopolitical Tensions: Disputes over borders or strategic waterways.
• Shipping Accidents: Collisions or groundings.
• Terrorist Attacks on Ports: Attacks on ports disrupting trade.
• Nuclear Proliferation Risks: Threats from nuclear material transport.
• Illegal Dumping: Disposal of waste harming environments.
• Fishing Vessel Conflicts: Clashes over rights in zones.
• Pirate Networks/Organized Crime: Controlling illegal activities.
• Conflict over Chokepoints: Control over key lanes.

Piracy Impact on the Gulf of Guinea

• The Gulf of Guinea is a most piracy-prone region
• Nigeria accounts for a large percentage of global piracy incidents off coast
• Piracy results in loss of life, ransom and impact on shipping routes
• Global response includes naval patrols, cooperation, and strategies

Gulf of Guinea Characteristics

• Located on the West and Central African coastlines in the Atlantic Ocean
• Maritime area is in the western part of Africa, north-eastern Atlantic Ocean
• Vast, diverse, and important region
• Comprises about 16 countries along 6000 km of coastline, from north-western Africa downwards
• Countries include Senegal, Sierra-Leone, Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroun, E.Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, CAR, the republic of Congo and Angola
• The United Nations Permanent Advisory Committee on Security Issues in Central Africa (UNSAC) recognizes coastal countries from Angola to Cote D'ivoire
• The Economic Community for the West African States (ECOWAS) includes Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger linked by waterways as GOG members

Economic Value of the Gulf of Guinea

• This access is needed for goods import and export.
• One of the richest, underexploited regions with 35% of petroleum reserves.
• Composed of mineral and resources (diamonds, tin, bitumen, uranium, copper, manganese, gold, phosphates, granite, gas, marble, quartz, lead, zinc, wolfram, fluorite, sulfur, feldspar, silver, kaolin, mica, asphalt, gypsum, oil and talc etc)
• Houses rich rainforests which contains 20% of the world’s total rainforests
• Houses most of the oxygen-generating sources of the entire globe
• Protects biodiversity through the protection of humans, animals and micro-organisms

Economic Significance of the Gulf of Guinea

• Its waterways serve as a gateway for littoral and landlocked countries
• Landlocked countries including Mali, Chad, Burkina Faso and CAR which depend on import and export of goods and services to major global markets
• Pivotal to navigation as a safer route connecting the Far East to the North and South Atlantic
• Over 90% of global freight is by sea, the GOG is an important route for international trade and commerce
• Shorter Arab Gulf route is costlier and riskier due to wars and piracy in the Middle East and N. Africa
• The region has also become the frontier for the new scramble for access and control of Africa’s hydrocarbon deposits
• Bight of Benin was the route for European colonialism
• It was the location for European powers' intrigue and rivalries for controlling new territories
• Hub for trans-Atlantic trade involving the export of slaves, palm oil, rubber, ivory, gold
• It contains about 50.4 billion barrels of crude oil, with about 5.4 million produced daily
• Home to biodiversity of marine and forest resources like fish and timber

Maritime Safety/Security in the Gulf of Guinea

• Indiscriminate exploitation occurs due to weak regulatory frameworks.
• Poor governance leads to poverty and human development deficits
• GOG waters are haven for local and international criminal networks
• Transnational criminal elements undermine security and threaten resource supply
• Many elements work with corrupt officials
• The region experiences diverse forms of insecurity, piracy and armed robbery against ships
• Terrorist acts involve shipping and offshore maritime interest
• Security threats include illicit trafficking and cyber crime

Additional Gulf of Guinea Concerns

• Smuggling and trafficking of persons by sea
• Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing
• Intentional and unlawful damage to marine environments
• There are vicious problems impacting coastal communities' livelihoods, cultures, histories, and social identities and is tied to the maintenance of safe waterways
• There are some issues include environmental degradation, distortions in the economy and widespread social anomie.
• International communities must to understand the link between security & development
• Address insecurities must be tied to the political and governance crisis
• Dealing with these concepts is fundamental in dealing with maritime insecurity

Global Maritime Security Frameworks

• Maritime security relies on frameworks, which ensure shipping safety, protect marine environments, and secure ports and vessels
• Frameworks include international cooperation to establish safety standards and manage maritime activity impact

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

• IMO as the UN's agency, regulates international shipping
• IMO establishes safety standards, ensures secure and efficient movement of goods by sea.
• Develops international conventions for shipping safety.
• Promotes global environmental protection and security measures.
• Coordinates and supports maritime law.
• Headquarters: London, United Kingdom

SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea)

• SOLAS is an international treaty ensuring ship safety, lifesaving equipment, navigation standards, and emergency preparedness
• It sets minimum safety standards for vessels aims to safeguard life at sea.
• SOLAS establishes regulations for life-saving appliances, firefighting, and ship construction
• SOLAS enforces protocols for ship stability and operational safety
• It requires safety equipment maintenance for ships and crews
• Administered by the IMO

ISPS Code (International Ship and Port Facility Security Code)

• The ISPS Code sets security standards for ships/ports, protecting the from terror and sabotage
• It provides rules for security assessments and emergency responses
• Key Responsibilities include officers, plans, and drills
• It establishes communication protocols to prevent and respond to threats
• Enhances international cooperation to secure maritime operations
• Administered by the IMO

MARPOL (Marine Pollution)

• MARPOL is an international convention to prevent pollution from ships
• Aims to minimize emissions, spills, and pollutants protecting marine environments.
• It regulates discharges of oil, sewage, garbage, and chemicals
• Establishes protocols for pollution response and ship waste management
• Enforces ship design and standards to reduce impact

Nigeria's Role in Global Security

• Nigeria plays a role in ensuring security in the Gulf of Guinea and West Africa
• The area is increasingly vulnerable to piracy and illegal fishing
• As a regional powerhouse, Nigeria's efforts extend beyond borders to global security initiatives
• Nigeria collaborates with regional and international organizations
• Nigeria seeks to improve maritime governance, improve safety, and combat criminal activities at sea

Nigerian Key Player in Maritime Security

• The Gulf of Guinea is a major hub and Nigeria controls significant portions of waters
• Nigeria's maritime security is vital to economic stability and broader regional security
• Challenges include piracy, illegal fishing, making leadership crucial
• Collaboration between Nigeria’s Navy and NIMASA enhances maritime security

NIMASA and it's Role

• The Nigerian Navy and the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) enhance maritime security
• The Navy provides patrols, while NIMASA focuses on regulatory enforcement, maritime safety, and environmental protection.
• Collaboration occurs through intelligence sharing, which deters legal activities through piracy/smuggling

Active Participation in Antipiracy

• Nigeria is involved in ECOWAS maritime initiatives (Economic Community of West African States)
• Nigeria to improving safety and security of maritime traffic in the region
• Gulf of Guinea Commission (GGC) collaboration happens, which targets coordinating regional-security efforts
• This includes addressing many challenges like illegal fishing or degradation
• UNODC Collaboration (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) is for regional anti-piracy programs
• Their aim = strengthening maritime governance and law enforcement

Nigeria’s Role in the IMO

• Has active role in the IMO, advocating stronger measures to combat threats.
• Instrumental in supporting global efforts for international shipping lanes.
• Involved in implementing conventions like the ISPS Code and SOLAS
• Maritime security policies are aligned with standards

Collaborative Maritime Security Needs

• Maritime security = shared responsibility across borders
• Ensures ocean safety and protects environment
• Collaboration to address threats like environmental hazards
• Collaboration is vital for oceans and sustainable practices

Maritime Security Requires Global and Regional Cooperation

• Piracy, human trafficking, demands a tiered, cooperative approach for global maritime security
• Facilitates movement of goods which are prime targets
• Ensuring security = shared
• Collective effort is necessary for growing concerns

International Role of Global Organizations

• International organizations coordinate and implement security strategies.
• These organizations create frameworks and support.
• IMO is a specialized agency which sets the standards for the safety performance for international shipping.
• The IMO fosters international collaboration with security laws.
• Provides assistance or advisory services

Security through Maritime Organizations

• INTERPOL provides framework for law enforcement collaboration
• INTERPOL facilitates threat responses through shared criminal activity information
• Cooperates with regional enforcement agencies
• UN supports maritime security

Regional Cooperation and Collective Security

• Regional responses prevent piracy in maritime zones
• West African States prioritize maritime security through initiatives
• Integrated Maritime Strategy (EIMS) tackles affect-threats off West African nations
• Promotes maritime law enforcement and port security
• Gulf of Guinea Commission assists global shipping

Nigeria's Role

• International regional strategies occur
• Necessary national strategize for success
• Largest economy in West Africa which plays a role for security
• NIMASA policies must have maritime safety and security is implemented
• Deep Blue Project implements enhanced combat to improve port security
• NIMASA collaboration with Navy occurs to protect maritime boundaries

Cooperation with International and Regional Entities

• Nigeria participates in frameworks like the Gulf of Guinea Commission
• Access to the technical expertise in addressing maritime threats
• Gov't helps frameworks of Integrated Maritime Strategy
• Maritime security is global and relates to international trade
• The industry faces multiple threats
• Global is necessary for security
• Nigeria secures close work with global

Laws and Conventions

• SOLAS is an key treaty aimed at promoting maritime standards
• It covers ships, safety equipment and navigation
• Helps protect lives
• MARPOL is aimed at preventing pollution
• Key provisions involve oil pollution management
• Protects the oceans

Framework and Regulation

• UNCLOS establishes frameworks for boundary right zones
• 12 nautical of sovereignity for coastal waters
• 200 nautical for economy and resources
• High seas is open for free travel
• EEZ is 200 miles
• Includes rich marine resources which are vital to maritime activities
• Nigeria must manage regulations effectively

National Regulation

• NIMASA must oversee safety, security and environment
• Implements policies in maritime sector
• Navy ensure Nigerian protection
• NPA promotes safe and efficiency in management

Maritime Safety Standards

• Navy certification and inspection occur in maritime sector
• Overview of ports must align with standards to ports
• Aspects of safety, security and compliance are necessary
• Ship safety must ensure local vessels comply
• Pollution control must manage disposal to prevent ships from spilling
• Security implementing appropriate measures to counter any action
• GAPS of infrastructure, facilities and cargo needs to be addressed

Challenges for the Maritime sector

• Congestion of port for capacity
• Limited capability with oldness
• security = issues in ocean with piracy
• personnel limits security measures
• Port must support security codes
• Training gaps must implement the best regulations

Security and the ISPS Code

• The ISPS Code = International ports secured.
• It is a standard for security globally
• Response to criminal threats that target international ports
• Came into force in 2004 after convention was declared.
• Nigeria must commit and imply for the protection of their ports
• This implements measures vessels and operations with Nigeria laws
• Key aspects is to assess facilities with breaches

Code Security and Structure

• Security = assessment and identifying
• Assessments helps the level set with security required
• Security plans and protection occur
• Includes standards, response, resources and national resources
• Security has levels to the code from low to high
• Ports adjusts safety for risk
• Training regularly happens for accidents

Compliance with Security Law

• A safety officer must occur for following the standards
• Ports has expectations for global standers set by maritime organization
• Impacts of the ISPS code includes guards for crimes
• Boots safe ocean routes for standards
• Discuss Nigeria with cooperation for security

National Maritime Policies

• The Cabotage Act promotes the national industry of shipping (Nigeria)
• Provision to shipping for cargos and Nigeria crews.
• Impacts helps dominance in industries
• Capacity fosters control by shipping operations.
• challenges such as workforce limits needs to change compliance

Nigeria And International Agreements

• Nigeria is also part of organization and conventions
• Conventions must design frameworks and rules
• They must comply with all the international standards
• agency plays a vital role in making the policies

Development and Safety

• It involves international safety in regulation.
• Strong positions influence guidelines for maritime standards
• Challenges exist: -Piracy occurs in the region and Nigeria maritime sectors suffers
  • Significant threats must happen through ships code.
• Port is a congestion (especially Lagos)
• This is a ability to affect local economics
• Port is because of the structure with limited security

Solutions for Nigerian Security

• Limited is because of resources and training
• These laws exist that are implemented
• Solutions to increase inspection
• Increase capacity in safety measures
• Investing helps by modernize processes
• Cooperation helps strengthen piracy activities

Risks and Responsibilities

• Identify and handling is vital for safety
• The management is vital to managing operations with infrastructure
• Safety is from crew, environment and equipment
• The range is typically classified by categories.
• Operations = the daily operation
• human communication = crew members
• Equipment - Malfunctions in managing
• The training includes machinery and protocols. It can be catastrophic.

Security, Hazards and Safety

• Environmental Risk is severe weather like a Tsunami
• It can result in loss of life.
• Security = threats that occur with attacks. -Piracy- theft -Terrorism - disrupts routes of travel -Risk = Identify problems and find reasons
• Prioritize for the risk and management
• Hazard- what risks and using tools of statistics

Responses and Protocols

• Evaluation: What occur and next steps to mitigate
• Mitigation: To put in systems to act from certain action Operational- using equipment to train people by standing orders
• Environmental use eco ways to dispose pollution
• Installing patrols is necessary for action.

Managing Security

• Management systems help find safety
• Procedures to ensure operations that has practices and policies
• Parts included is a commitment measure for safe operations
• Following protocol is necessary
• Management assess with mitigations plans
• Frameworks are from crew to drill some cases

Piracy and Management Plans

• Safety = High rate
• Structure = Congestion
• Inconsistency = Standards
• Security - Govt and International parties
• Awareness must increase

Factors for the Human

• Relations and operation for activities
• Errors needs a proper response
• A safety and culture is very important to reducing the human. Train often and use rest or reporting channels to protect.
• Assess tools by inspections with weather forecast.
• Must evaluate and control to identify

Mitigation and Control

• Control - evaluate and take measures to control by action
• Increase training often and using GIS which assess areas
• By the action ships helps navigate safe by reducing security