Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the length range of the ureters?
What is the length range of the ureters?
Which structures does the urinary bladder's base relate to in males?
Which structures does the urinary bladder's base relate to in males?
At which junction does the ureter experience one of its sites of constriction?
At which junction does the ureter experience one of its sites of constriction?
What is the approximate maximum capacity of the urinary bladder?
What is the approximate maximum capacity of the urinary bladder?
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What separates the prostatic part of the male urethra from the urinary bladder?
What separates the prostatic part of the male urethra from the urinary bladder?
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Which of the following describes the shape of the urinary bladder?
Which of the following describes the shape of the urinary bladder?
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What characteristic of the female urethra distinguishes it from the male urethra?
What characteristic of the female urethra distinguishes it from the male urethra?
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Where does the ureter open into the urinary bladder?
Where does the ureter open into the urinary bladder?
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Which structures make up the urinary system?
Which structures make up the urinary system?
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What is the relative positioning of the right kidney compared to the left kidney?
What is the relative positioning of the right kidney compared to the left kidney?
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Which part of the kidney's anatomy represents the hilum?
Which part of the kidney's anatomy represents the hilum?
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What distinguishes the male urethra from the female urethra?
What distinguishes the male urethra from the female urethra?
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Which muscles are associated with the posterior surface of the kidney?
Which muscles are associated with the posterior surface of the kidney?
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What type of tissue primarily makes up the kidney?
What type of tissue primarily makes up the kidney?
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What is the primary function of the ureters?
What is the primary function of the ureters?
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Which of the following is NOT a covering of the kidney?
Which of the following is NOT a covering of the kidney?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Overview
- Urinary system comprises organs crucial for eliminating waste and maintaining fluid balance
- Key organs include two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra
Objectives of the Lecture
- Students should identify organs of the urinary system
- Students should understand the anatomy of the kidneys, their location, and relations to other organs
- Students should understand the anatomy of the ureters, including constrictions
- Students should understand the anatomy of the urinary bladder, including its parts
- Students should understand the anatomy of the male urethra and its parts
- Students should understand the anatomy of the female urethra and differences between male and female urethra
Kidneys
- Positioned on either side of the vertebral column
- Extend from T12 to L3 vertebrae
- Right kidney sits lower than the left kidney
- Dimensions are approximately 12 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 3 cm thick
- Kidneys have two surfaces, two borders, and two ends
- Lateral border is convex, medial border convex at both ends, concave in the middle
- Middle of the medial border is the hilum, providing passage for vessels and nerves to the kidney
Kidney Structure
- Differentiated into outer cortex and inner medulla
- Medullary pyramids present in the medulla
- Calyces collect urine from pyramids
- Urine collection into renal pelvis
- Pelvis continues as ureter
Kidney Relations (Anterior Surface)
-
Right Kidney:
- Right suprarenal gland
- Duodenum
- Liver
- Colon
- Small intestine
-
Left Kidney:
- Left suprarenal gland
- Spleen
- Pancreas
- Stomach
- Colon
- Small intestine
Kidney Relations (Posterior Surface)
- Diaphragm
- Muscles of posterior abdominal wall:
- Psoas major
- Quadratus lumborum
- Transversus abdominis
Kidney Coverings
- Fibrous capsule
- Perirenal fat
- Renal fascia
- Pararenal fat
Ureters
- Two muscular tubes, one on each side
- Carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
- Length ranges from 25-30 cm
- Course partly in the abdomen and partly in the pelvis
- Continuation of the renal pelvis
- Open into the postero-superior angle of the urinary bladder
Ureters (Constrictions)
- Three constrictions during passage:
- Pelvi-ureteric junction
- Crossing of common iliac artery
- Uretero-vesical junction
Urinary Bladder
- Hollow, strong muscular organ
- Urine reservoir
- Located in pelvic cavity, behind pubic bones
- Shape is a three-sided pyramid
- Capacity of 220 cc, accommodates up to 500 cc
- Apex posterior to upper part of symphysis pubis, continuous with median umbilical ligament
- Base directed posteriorly
- Three surfaces, one superior and two inferolateral
- Related to seminal vesicles, vas deferens, cervix of uterus, and anterior wall of vagina
Male Urethra
- 20 cm long, divided into 3 parts:
- Prostatic: 3 cm, widest, begins at urinary bladder neck, ejaculatory duct opens into prostatic urethra
- Membranous: 1 cm, narrowest, shortest, surrounded by sphincter urethra
- Spongy: 16 cm, longest, traverses penis, ends at external urethral orifice
Female Urethra
- Very short, approximately 4 cm
- Begins at neck of bladder, upper part surrounded by sphincter urethra
- Shorter, wider, and more dilatable compared to male urethra
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