Questions and Answers
Who was Oludah Equiano?
What does the Atlantic Ocean represent with respect to the New and Old World?
A bridge where ideas, goods, and people flowed back and forth.
What was the Asiento?
Permission granted from Spain to Britain to send enslaved Africans to Spain's American colonies.
What was the Atlantic Trade?
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Who was John Woolman?
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The ________ effect on slavery encouraged African societies to grow.
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What was the Middle Passage?
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Match the types of regional slavery.
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What does the economic scale describe?
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What was the significance of the Stono Rebellion?
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What was the effect of the Seven Years' War on Indian autonomy?
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The Proclamation Line of 1763 prohibited American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
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What was the impact of the Great Awakening?
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What was the Albany Plan of the Union?
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What did the words 'British Liberty' entail in the 18th century?
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The ________ and Gordon letters emphasized freedom of speech within republicanism.
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Poor Richard's Almanack was written by Thomas Jefferson.
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Study Notes
Oludah Equiano
- A rare survivor of the Middle Passage who was sold three times before gaining freedom.
- His experiences illustrate the complexities of freedom and slavery in Britain, challenging stereotypes about slavery.
Atlantic Ocean
- Served as a conduit between the New and Old Worlds facilitating the exchange of ideas, goods, and enslaved people.
Asiento
- Grant from Spain to Britain allowing the transportation of enslaved Africans to Spanish colonies, formalized in the Treaty of Utrecht.
Atlantic Trade
- A triangular trading system among Europe, Africa, and the Americas centered on the exchange of slaves, cash crops, and goods.
John Woolman
- A Quaker abolitionist who critiqued the racist association of blackness with slavery and whiteness with liberty.
New York Harbor, Massachusetts, Rhode Island
- These regions profited from the slave trade through shipping, despite having limited slavery within their colonies.
Guns Effect on Slavery
- African societies, such as the Ashanti and Dahomey, engaged in slavery to acquire guns, leading to the growth of powerful kingdoms.
Middle Passage
- The harrowing journey transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas; about 20% died during transit, with only 5% destined for North America.
Types of Regional Slavery
- Chesapeake: Tobacco-based plantations with limited scale.
- South Carolina and Georgia: Large-scale rice plantations.
- New England/Middle Colonies: Non-plantation slavery.
Virginia and Maryland
- Closely tied to England through agricultural exports, imports, and political ties.
Shift of Slavery in Virginia
- Transitioned from the Tidewater region (coastal) to the Piedmont (inland).
Economic Scale
- Larger production scales reduced costs, enhancing profitability; larger plantations became the norm.
Chesapeake Hierarchy
- Social structure comprised of large planters, lesser planters, convicts, indentured servants, tenant farmers, and slaves, creating a consolidated elite.
Landon Carter
- A wealthy planter notorious for exerting power over his slaves, notably through physical punishment.
Race in Chesapeake
- Free and white status became synonymous; free blacks were largely denied voting rights and faced potential expulsion from the colony.
Carolina Early Economy
- Initially centered on the Indian slave trade, sourcing slaves from the Creek Confederacy.
Indigo
- A staple crop in Carolina, requiring extensive cultivation similar to rice.
Task System
- An organizational method for plantations where slaves completed daily tasks allowing for some personal leisure time.
Georgia
- Founded in 1737 by James Oglethorpe as a haven for the worthy poor; initially banned liquor and slaves, but these restrictions were dropped under royal charter.
Slavery in the North
- Typically a minority presence; slaves worked mainly as farmhands or personal servants.
Slaves' Identity
- Increasingly began to identify as African Americans, united by a common desire for freedom.
Charles Hansford
- A white Virginia blacksmith whose poem captured the longing slaves felt for their homeland in Africa.
African American Culture in the South
- Development of Gullah language, family formations, and autonomous lifestyles, despite harsher living conditions.
African American Culture in the North
- Greater accessibility to mainstream society, mobility, and cultural expressions like tribal dances, but fewer family structures.
Slave Rebellions
- Characterized by a "dangerous spirit of liberty" among slaves; documented uprisings, including the first in 1712 in New York.
Maroons
- Groups of escaped slaves in Jamaica who formed communities and fought for their freedom.
Stono Rebellion
- A significant uprising in 1739 where 200 South Carolina slaves marched towards Florida seeking liberation.
1741 NYC Panic
- Heightened fears among New Yorkers that enslaved individuals planned urban destruction, leading to mass arrests of blacks.
Effects of British War with French
- Resulted in increased military presence and taxes, as well as the establishment of the Bank of England, fostering nationalism.
"Balanced Constitution" Principle
- Introduced the concept that no individual, including the king, is above the law; established checks and balances among government branches.
British Liberty
- Closely associated with Protestantism; viewed as unique to Britain while other nations were seen as enslaved by tyranny.
Language of Liberty
- Liberty discourse permeated political dialogue in Britain, inclusive of laborers, sailors, and common folk.
Shift of Liberty
- Evolved from privileges of a social elite to the right to resist oppressive governance.
Republicanism
- Advocated for a government representative of the people's interests, dependent on engaged, economically independent citizens.
Country Party
- Republican faction opposing perceived corruption in British governance, advocating for independent representation.
Liberalism
- Emphasizes civil rights, representative governance, and property protection; heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideals.
Liberalism and Republicanism
- Both ideologies promoted constitutional governance and limited tyrannical power, fostering property security.
18th Century American Voting
- Compared to Britain, voting was broader for landowning men, yet still excluded women, blacks, and indentured servants from the process.
Governor Elections
- Only Connecticut and Rhode Island allowed for self-elected governors; other colonies were subject to royal appointments.
Office Holding in Colonies
- Leadership positions often required substantial land ownership, leading to wealth being a key factor in elections.
Deference
- Tradition whereby ordinary citizens believed that the wealthy and educated should hold public office.
Salutary Neglect
- British policy allowing colonies autonomy, enabling wealthy colonial assembly members to dominate local governance.
Assembly Power
- Colonial assemblies claimed authority similar to the House of Commons; Pennsylvania had the strongest assembly under Quaker leadership.
Public Sphere
- Expanded political debate and organization outside of direct government control during the 18th century.
Junto Club
- A discussion group founded by Ben Franklin to engage in political and economic debates, promoting mutual improvement.
Printing Press
- Facilitated the dissemination of news and political commentary, enhancing literacy; early examples include the Library Company of Philadelphia and Boston News.
Limit of Freedom of Speech
- Freedom of speech was limited for ordinary citizens; government regulations often affected the press.
Seditious Libel
- The crime of defaming colonial officials through printed materials.
Zenger Trials
- Case involving newspaper publisher John Peter Zenger, who was acquitted for exposing a corrupt governor, establishing precedent for free expression.
Poor Richard's Almanack
- A publication by Ben Franklin reflecting Enlightenment influences and promoting practical wisdom.
Reasonables of Christianity
- Proposes that religious belief should be grounded in scientific reasoning.
British Enlightenment
- Advocated for governance based on scientific research rather than dictates of passion, emphasizing reason above emotion.
Religious Revivals
- Ministers expressed concern that various societal developments weakened religious devotion, leading to fervent preaching about divine displeasure.
George Whitefield
- Influential preacher of the Great Awakening who condemned the wealthy and called for a return to piety amidst criticism from the press.
Great Awakening Impact
- Critiqued commercialism, wealth, and slavery while promoting an independent mindset among individuals.
Robert Carter III
- A planter who, influenced by the Great Awakening, freed 500 slaves from his Virginia plantation.
Presidios
- Spanish military outposts primarily established along the West Coast of America.
Father Junipero Serra
- California missionary known for his missionary work with Native Indians, often employing forced labor practices.
1731 French Novel Manon
- Features a prostitute punished by exile to Louisiana, illustrating negative perceptions of French colonies.
"Middle Ground"
- A space between European empires and indigenous sovereignty, where mutual coexistence between tribes and European settlers occurred.
The Seven Years' War
- A conflict over territorial claims in Ohio initiated by British sentiment, leading to a power struggle between British and French forces.
Prime Minister William Pitt
- British leader who, during the Seven Years' War, financially supported Austria and Prussia to sustain their resistance against French forces.
Result of Seven Years' War
- Britain gained control of Canada and Florida, ending France's North American empire, while increasing taxation in the colonies.
Effect of War on Indians
- Indigenous groups lost autonomy and freedom, as British expansion limited their diplomatic power and territorial claims.
Pontiac's Rebellion
- An uprising led by Ottawa chief Pontiac against British encroachment in 1763; resistance ceased after Pontiac's death.
Neolin
- A Delaware religious figure advocating for indigenous unity against European encroachment, emphasizing a return to traditional identity.
Proclamation Line of 1763
- British restrictions preventing colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains aimed at minimizing conflict with Native Americans.
Effect of War on Pennsylvania
- The influence of Quaker leadership weakened as settlers pushed westward, ending the previously maintained alliances with Native tribes.
Albany Plan of the Union
- Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754, aimed at unifying the colonies for mutual benefit, ultimately rejected by both colonies and the British crown.
Colonial Identity Post Seven Years' War
- A regained sense of British identity and Protestant values emerged after defeating the Catholic French, revealing vast differences within the empire.
Factors Leading to Distinct African Culture
- Anchored by slavery, northern freedom, and resistance, these elements contributed to the formation of a unique African American identity.
Meanings of British Liberty in the 18th Century
- Incorporated patriotism, property ownership, and transitioned from social class privileges to a broader right to oppose unjust governance.
Concepts Dominating Colonial Politics
- Included voting rights, power struggles between
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Dive into Chapter 4 of 'Give Me Liberty' with these flashcards designed to enhance your understanding of key concepts. This chapter discusses the complexities of freedom and slavery as embodied by figures like Oludah Equiano and the transatlantic slave trade. Perfect for students looking to solidify their grasp on the material.
