28 Questions
What percentage of individuals with HCC have cirrhosis?
75-90%
What is the risk factor for HCC in cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B and C?
1-5%
What is the common site of metastasis for HCC?
Lymph nodes
What is the typical blood supply for HCC?
Hepatic artery
What is the primary effect of the mutation in the glucuronyl transferase enzyme on bilirubin conjugation?
Decreased conjugation of bilirubin
What is the demographic trend for HCC incidence?
Higher in men and rises with age
What is the effect of fasting on UDP-glucuronyl transferase levels?
Decreases UDP-glucuronyl transferase levels
What is the characteristic of stools in patients with Gilbert's syndrome?
Normal-coloured or dark stools
What is the typical presentation of Gilbert's syndrome?
Isolated elevation of bilirubin in the setting of physical stress or illness
What is the result of increased urobilinogen excretion in patients with Gilbert's syndrome?
Dark urine
What is the effect of haemolysis on jaundice in patients with Gilbert's syndrome?
Mildly worsens jaundice
What is the characteristic appearance of HCC on CT scan following intravenous contrast?
Hypervascular
What is the most common biochemical abnormality in patients with liver cancer?
Raised ALP
What is the characteristic feature of ascitic fluid in liver cancer?
High protein content
What is the common site of origin for secondary malignant tumors in the liver?
Lung, breast, abdomen, or pelvis
Which of the following tumors may benefit from surgical resection?
Colonic carcinomas
What is the purpose of laparoscopy in patients with liver cancer?
To facilitate liver biopsy
What is a common symptom of liver deterioration in patients with underlying cirrhosis?
Weight loss
What is the primary purpose of liver biopsy in patients with large tumours who do not have cirrhosis or hepatitis B?
To confirm the diagnosis and exclude metastatic tumour
Who benefits from screening for HCC by ultrasound scanning and AFP measurements?
Patients with high risk of developing HCC
What percentage of HCCs produce Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)?
60%
What is the minimum size of focal liver lesions that can be detected by ultrasound?
2–3 cm
What is the effect of using ultrasound contrast agents in detecting liver lesions?
It increases the sensitivity and specificity
What is a common symptom of pyogenic liver abscesses?
Abdominal pain
What is the cause of hydatid cysts?
Echinococcus granulosus infection
Where are hydatid cysts most commonly located?
Liver (>65% of cases) and the lungs (25%)
What is the characteristic of a chronic hydatid cyst?
It becomes calcified
What is the treatment outcome for most patients with liver metastases?
Palliative treatment to relieve pain
Gilbert syndrome is a hereditary disorder that affects the metabolism of bilirubin. It is characterized by mild jaundice due to the reduced activity of the enzyme glucuronyl transferase. Learn more about the causes, symptoms, and effects of Gilbert syndrome.
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