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Questions and Answers
What condition is associated with the failure of muscle cells to populate the pleuroperitoneal membranes?
What condition is associated with the failure of muscle cells to populate the pleuroperitoneal membranes?
- Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (correct)
- Inguinal Hernia
- Diaphragmatic Paralysis
- Hiatal Hernia
Which embryonic structure is primarily responsible for the muscular components of the diaphragm?
Which embryonic structure is primarily responsible for the muscular components of the diaphragm?
- Somites from C3-C5 (correct)
- Ectodermal structures
- Endoderm derivatives
- Skeletal muscle progenitors from the mesoderm
From which embryonic layer do the serous membranes that line the abdominal organs originate?
From which embryonic layer do the serous membranes that line the abdominal organs originate?
- Mesoderm (correct)
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm
- Epiblast
Which combination of structures is NOT involved in the development of the diaphragm?
Which combination of structures is NOT involved in the development of the diaphragm?
What results from fibroblasts failing to provide the proper cues for myoblast migration in diaphragm development?
What results from fibroblasts failing to provide the proper cues for myoblast migration in diaphragm development?
Which structure is primarily responsible for forming the embryonic gut?
Which structure is primarily responsible for forming the embryonic gut?
What role does the septum transversum play in embryonic development?
What role does the septum transversum play in embryonic development?
Which cavity is NOT derived from the intra-embryonic coelom?
Which cavity is NOT derived from the intra-embryonic coelom?
During which month does the body cavity form separate pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities?
During which month does the body cavity form separate pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities?
What is the main function of the somatopleure in embryonic development?
What is the main function of the somatopleure in embryonic development?
The lateral mesoderm is divided into somatic and splanchnic layers due to the presence of which structure?
The lateral mesoderm is divided into somatic and splanchnic layers due to the presence of which structure?
What serious condition could develop if there are abnormalities in embryonic folding?
What serious condition could develop if there are abnormalities in embryonic folding?
Which layer of mesoderm becomes adjacent to the endoderm during gastrulation?
Which layer of mesoderm becomes adjacent to the endoderm during gastrulation?
What anatomical structure is formed from the dorsal mesogastrium due to stomach rotation?
What anatomical structure is formed from the dorsal mesogastrium due to stomach rotation?
What condition involves the complete occlusion of the duodenal lumen?
What condition involves the complete occlusion of the duodenal lumen?
Which arteries supply the duodenum due to its developmental origin from both foregut and midgut?
Which arteries supply the duodenum due to its developmental origin from both foregut and midgut?
What causes the narrowing of the pyloric lumen leading to pyloric stenosis?
What causes the narrowing of the pyloric lumen leading to pyloric stenosis?
Which embryological structure gives rise to the liver and biliary duct system?
Which embryological structure gives rise to the liver and biliary duct system?
What abnormality is characterized by partial occlusion of the duodenal lumen?
What abnormality is characterized by partial occlusion of the duodenal lumen?
What is a symptom commonly associated with duodenal atresia in infants?
What is a symptom commonly associated with duodenal atresia in infants?
What process primarily leads to the re-opening of the duodenal lumen during development?
What process primarily leads to the re-opening of the duodenal lumen during development?
What is the correct rotation of the stomach around its long axis?
What is the correct rotation of the stomach around its long axis?
Which nerves are responsible for innervating the upper two-thirds of the esophagus?
Which nerves are responsible for innervating the upper two-thirds of the esophagus?
Which structures are included in the hindgut?
Which structures are included in the hindgut?
Which artery supplies most of the hindgut derivatives?
Which artery supplies most of the hindgut derivatives?
What does the urorectal septum eventually separate in the developing cloaca?
What does the urorectal septum eventually separate in the developing cloaca?
Which part of the cloaca develops into the urogenital structures?
Which part of the cloaca develops into the urogenital structures?
What characterizes the mesentery of the sigmoid colon?
What characterizes the mesentery of the sigmoid colon?
Which part of the body does the celiac plexus supply?
Which part of the body does the celiac plexus supply?
What structures retain their mesentery during the development of the intestines?
What structures retain their mesentery during the development of the intestines?
What is the primary defect in gastroschisis?
What is the primary defect in gastroschisis?
What happens during the development of Meckel's diverticulum?
What happens during the development of Meckel's diverticulum?
Which statement about umbilical hernias is true?
Which statement about umbilical hernias is true?
What characterizes congenital omphalocele?
What characterizes congenital omphalocele?
Which two conditions may mimic appendicitis due to their symptoms?
Which two conditions may mimic appendicitis due to their symptoms?
What occurs as the cecal diverticulum descends during development?
What occurs as the cecal diverticulum descends during development?
Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the retroperitoneal position during gut development?
Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the retroperitoneal position during gut development?
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Study Notes
Embryonic Development of the GI Tract
- Embryonic folding transforms a flat disk into a cylindrical structure, essential for gut formation.
- The intraembryonic coelom forms isolated spaces in the lateral and cardiogenic mesoderm, leading to the division into somatic and splanchnic layers.
- The splanchnopleure, comprising splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm, forms the embryonic gut.
- The diaphragm develops from fusion of pleuroperitoneal membranes, muscular components from somites (C3-C5), and the esophageal mesentery.
Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Components include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
- The duodenum arises from the foregut and midgut, forming a C-shaped loop and becoming retroperitoneal after stomach rotation.
- Blood supply to the GI tract is primarily through the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric arteries based on embryonic origins.
Congenital Disorders
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia occurs in 1 in 2,000 births due to muscle cells failing to populate the pleuroperitoneal membranes.
- Pyloric stenosis involves hypertrophy of the pylorus, leading to gastrointestinal obstruction marked by projectile vomiting.
- Duodenal atresia and stenosis arise from incomplete recanalization, with symptoms including bile-stained vomiting.
Development of Gastrointestinal Structures
- The liver bud (hepatic diverticulum) emerges from the foregut and forms the liver and biliary apparatus, connecting to the duodenum via the bile duct.
- Cecal diverticulum development leads to formation of the cecum and appendix; structural growth continues postnatally.
- Conditions such as omphalocele and gastroschisis result from abdominal wall defects, with contents either covered by amnion or exposed.
Developmental Implications
- Meckel's diverticulum occurs from persistence of the yolk stalk, which may cause symptoms resembling appendicitis.
- Umbilical hernias can arise from improper closure of the umbilical ring.
- Vitelline cysts form when the vitelline duct remains patent, creating a connection between the umbilicus and intestines.
Innervation and Blood Supply
- The esophagus is innervated by the vagus nerve for the upper two-thirds and the celiac plexus for the lower third.
- Hindgut structures, including the left third of the transverse colon and rectum, receive blood supply from the inferior mesenteric artery.
Development of the Cloaca
- The cloaca serves as a terminal part of the hindgut, dividing into the urogenital sinus and the rectum via the urorectal septum, crucial for future urinary and digestive structures.
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