Ghaith Notes Overview (Parts 1 & 2)

The normal pH range of blood is 7.35 to 7.45.

PCO2 refers to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood, normal range is 35-45 mmHg.

HCO3 (bicarbonate) is a measure of the metabolic component in ABG, normal range is 22-26 mEq/L.

SaO2 represents oxygen saturation in the blood, optimal is 95-100%.

Respiratory acidosis is indicated by increased PCO2, affecting blood pH.

Metabolic alkalosis occurs with increased HCO3 levels, leading to higher blood pH.

Mixed acidosis entails both metabolic and respiratory acidosis affecting pH.

Isotonic solutions have the same osmolarity as body fluids, such as 0.9% NaCl.

Hypotonic solutions have lower osmolarity than body fluids, like 0.45% NaCl.

Hypertonic solutions have higher osmolarity than body fluids, such as 3% NaCl.

CPR for adults involves 30 compressions and 2 breaths; for infants, 15 compressions and 2 breaths.

The carotid artery is the best site to check pulse in children aged 1-5 years.

Droplet precautions are measures to prevent respiratory droplet transmission (e.g., wearing masks).

Standard precautions are protocols to prevent infection transmission (e.g., hand hygiene).

The Mantoux test or PPD test checks for tuberculosis exposure; measures induration after 48-72 hours.

Questions requiring more than yes/no answers, prompting detailed responses.

Questions that can be answered with a simple yes or no.

REEDA stands for Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Drainage, and Approximation for wound assessment.

Normal fetal heart rate ranges from 140 to 160 beats per minute.

Lochia is postpartum vaginal discharge, categorized as rubra (red), serosa (pink), and alba (white).

Breech presentation occurs when the fetus is positioned buttocks or feet first during delivery.

Screening for gestational diabetes is typically performed between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy.

Signs include rapid increase of uterine size and abnormal growth of trophoblast cells.

Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation; can be primary or secondary.

Postpartum infection is indicated by fever >38°C during the first 10 days post-delivery.

Cleft lip surgery is usually done between 2-6 months; positions after surgery include supine or lateral.

Neonatal jaundice can be physiological (immature hepatic function) or pathological (often Rh incompatibility).

GATHER stands for Greet, Ask, Tell, Help, Explain, Return for effective family planning counseling.

VSD is a hole in the heart's septum occurring between the ventricles, may close spontaneously.

Heat transfers include conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.