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Questions and Answers
What is the primary nerve responsible for the sensory functions of the periodontal ligament?
Which of the following statements about cementicles is true?
What is the role of fiber bundles in the periodontal ligament?
Which characteristic is NOT typically assessed to determine periodontal health?
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What type of stimuli do proprioceptors in the periodontal ligament respond to?
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Healthy gingiva is typically characterized by which color?
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Which component is NOT part of the attachment apparatus?
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What is the primary function of the blood supply from the alveolar arteries to the periodontium?
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What is the primary function of the junctional epithelium?
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Which layer of the lamina propria is found beneath the epithelium?
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What is the structural composition of the lamina propria in the gingiva?
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How thick can the junctional epithelium be at its coronal end?
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Which of the following is NOT a property of the junctional epithelium?
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What aids in the attachment of the junctional epithelium to the root surface?
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What is the primary role of the periodontal ligament?
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How does the junctional epithelium contribute to oral health?
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What is primarily responsible for providing the sensory functions in the periodontal ligament?
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What are cementicles in the context of periodontal ligament?
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Which structures make up the fiber bundles known as the gingival ligament?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the periodontal ligament?
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What is one of the major components included in the lamina propria?
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What role do fibroblasts play in the periodontal ligament?
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How do cementicles develop in the periodontal ligament?
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Which of the following is a minor function of the periodontal ligament?
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Study Notes
Junctional Epithelium
- Junctional epithelium forms a critical barrier between the periodontal ligament and the oral environment.
- Comprised of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells that securely adhere to the tooth structure.
- Functions to protect the attachment of the tooth to surrounding tissues.
- Typically 15-20 cells thick at the coronal end, tapering to a few cells at the apical termination.
- Healthy junctional epithelium length ranges from 0.25 mm to 1.35 mm.
- Connective tissue fibers assist in attaching the junctional epithelium to the root surface, forming the dentogingival unit.
Gingival Connective Tissue
- The connective tissue underneath the gingiva is called the lamina propria, consisting of two layers:
- Papillary layer, located beneath the epithelium with papillary projections.
- Reticular layer, extending towards the periosteum near the bone.
- Approximately 60% of the lamina propria consists of collagen fibrils organized into fiber bundles.
- Contains various cells, including fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, mast cells, macrophages, along with blood vessels and nerves.
- Fiber bundles collectively known as the gingival ligament, providing the primary connective tissue attachment for teeth.
- Composed of five principal and six minor fiber groups.
Periodontal Ligament
- Acts as a cushion between the tooth surface and the bone, consisting mainly of fiber bundles and cells.
- Generates pericementum on the root's cemental surface and periosteum on the bone.
- Unusual calcified formations called cementicles may develop within the periodontal ligament.
- Key functions include:
- Tooth anchorage
- Maintenance of fibrous and calcified tissues
- Nutrient and metabolite transport
- Sensory functions for touch, pressure, pain, and proprioception.
Attachment Apparatus
- The attachment apparatus is composed of the periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone.
Blood Supply
- Blood supply to the periodontium is provided by branches of the inferior and superior alveolar arteries.
- Superior alveolar artery supplies the maxilla, while the inferior alveolar artery supplies the mandible.
- Blood vessel branches extend into the alveolar bone and terminate within the periodontal ligament.
Nerve Supply
- Nerve supply for the periodontium originates from the trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve).
- Nerve endings in the periodontal ligament and connective tissue respond to pain and pressure stimuli through nociceptors and proprioceptors.
Clinical Condition of Periodontal Tissues
- Clinical assessment of gingival structures monitors the health or disease of periodontal tissues.
- Key descriptive factors include color, size, shape, texture, and consistency of the gingiva.
- Healthy gingiva is typically light pink or coral pink in color.
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