Germany Unification and the German Empire

Germany Unification

• Otto von Bismarck, known as the "Steel Chancellor," played a key role in unifying Germany.
• The proclamation of the German Empire occurred in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles (1871).

German Lands

• From 1867 to 1871, Germany unified, incorporating states like Prussia, Bavaria, and others, while excluding Austria.
• After the war with France 1870, Germany unified.

German Empire Government

• The German Empire's government, according to the 1871 Constitution, operated with the Emperor at the top, advised by an Imperial Chancellor.
• The government included the Federative Council and the Reichstag (Parliament), with men over 25 having the right to vote.

Creation of the German Empire

• Otto von Bismarck leveraged the victory against France to unite and strengthen the state.
• In 1871, acknowledging Prussia's authority, princes declared Prussian King Wilhelm I as Emperor (Kaiser), establishing the empire (Reich).
• The state became a constitutional monarchy led by the Prussian ruler, Wilhelm I, and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
• The Kaiser had power over the empire, declaring war and commanding the army, while the parliament had an advisory role.
• The German Empire was strong economically, politically, and militarily, becoming a major force in European politics.

Monument Klaipeda

• A monument to Friedrich Wilhelm I once stood in Klaipėda (Memel), then part of Germany.
• The statue's location was used for German military parades and celebrations.
• The statue was removed after Klaipėda was annexed to Lithuania (1923), and reinstated when Nazi Germany seized Klaipėda (1939), but disappeared during World War II.

Definitions

• Kaiser is German Emperor from 1871 to 1918.
• Reich is German state/empire, originally the Holy Roman Empire, then the unified Germany.

Prussia Emerges

• Prussia established the North German Confederation (1867) and secured military cooperation agreements with southern German states.
• France opposed a strong neighbor, fearing a shift in Europe's power balance from Prussia's growing power.
• The Franco-Prussian War ensued, with Germany proving better prepared and quickly gaining the upper hand.
• Following Napoleon III's surrender, France ceded territories and paid 5 billion gold francs in reparations (1871).

Prussian Influence

• Prussia wields significant power, with its ruler becoming the German Emperor and its prime minister also serving as the Imperial Chancellor.
• The country operates as a federated state, granting individual states their own authority and decision-making powers.

Bismarck's Policies

• Bismarck's policies led to greatness but alienated friends and tarnished Germany's reputation.
• Some believed Germany could have achieved unity, power, and freedom without resorting to "steel and blood."

Italian Unification

• Italians lacked a unified state and lived in divided kingdoms and duchies.
• After armed conflict, they created a state, with the national hero Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Garibaldi

• General Garibaldi was a fighter for unification and national hero.
• Garibaldi led the Roman rebels (1848).
• From 1859 to 1861, he led armed redshirt rebels.

Italian Organizations

• "Young Italy" created by Giuseppe Mazzini fought for unification.
• The Carbonari were a secret organization to fight for unification.

Italy Unites

• Italy consisted of small states and were dependent on European countries.
• Italian patriots fought against Austria, beginning with secret Carbonari organizations.
• Giuseppe Mazzini founded "Young Italy" (1831).
• The goals of Young Italy included involving all population strata in the liberation struggle.
• People were to drive out the Austrians and establish an independent republic.

Tautu Pavasaris

• Inspired by Džuzepė Garibaldi; however, in 1848-1849 revolts were crushed by the French.
• Separate organizations were not enough to unify the country.

Pjemonto-Sardinijos

• Piedmont-Sardinia became the center for unification due to industry and trade.
• Led by the Savojos dynasty, Viktoras Emanuelis II supported unification.
• Prime Minister Kamilo Beňso di Kavuro looked for allies and gained France.
• Napoleon III promised military assistance.

Jungtine Prancuzu

• In 1859 the French and Italian army defeated Austrians.
• Revolts broke out in northern Italy.
• The parliaments voted to join Piedmont-Sardinia.

Dž Madzinis

• Bad governments changed God's plan through conquest and greed.
• Boundaries are marked by rivers, mountains, and geographical conditions.
• National states will be built from the ruins of ruled countries.
• Harmony will dominate the nation and brotherhood.

Italijos suvienijimas

• Lithuania supported Italian Unification via Andrius Vištelis-Višteliauskas.
• He joined Garibaldi in 1866 to fight Austria and was imprisoned.

Karalystes ikurymas

• Karalystes was established after France made peace.
• A revolt began in 1860 in Naples against the Two Sicilies resisting unification.
• Dž Garibaldi came to help with a thousand men.
• All wore red shirts and they took Sicily and Naples.
• Joined Pjemonto-Sardinijos (1861).
• Viktoras Emanuelis II was proclaimed.

1861

• Italy united with a parliament and king.
• Venice under Austrian control.
• Rome under the Pope.

1861 Italijos

• The views of free opinion become an example as principles of justice.
• Italy will guarantee order not become an instrument.

1848 Vokietija

• Free from fetters.

1813 Ernsto

• A man sings a patriotic song: What is the homeland of a German?
• As far as the German language extends.

1848 Revoliucija

• Revolution in Berlin, XIX c. The revolutionaries were forced to lay down their arms and admit defeat.
• Unity was crushed by the old government (1848).

Nuo šventosios

• German lands belonged to the Holy German Nation.
• The empire was divided.
• After Nepoleon was defeated there were hopes for unity.
• The Vienna Congress didn't fulfill the hopes.
• Each of the states had its own law, military and wealth.
• Austria Habsburgai Prussia Hohencolernai
• The German Customs Union didn't invite Russia.

Vokietijos Vilhelmas

• Appointed Otto von Bismark as Chancellor (1862).
• Austria was the rival.
• There was universal military service.
• Bismark united with Austria for the war against Danija.
• Annexed territories managed jointly.
• Otto won against Austria.
• Austria gave land to Germany and said they would not interfere with other German lands.

Otto

• Chancellor of Prussia from 1862.
• He enforced a strict policy.
• He helped win the war.
• Called the iron chancellor.
• Chancellor is Head of government prime minister in Germany and Austria.

Fon Bismarko

• Germany is an example of power (1862).
• It will be resolved with blood and iron.

1870-1871 Italijos

• Austrija and Italty failed to work together.
• Italty joined Prussia, who had started a war with Austria.
• Italy lost Venice.
• There were several attacks.
• Italians aimed for Rome as the capital.
• France and Prussia went to war,
• Italian army siezed Rome and the Pope at the same time from the Medieval.
• The Pope remained in Vatican.
• Vatican became a separate state.
• Many people emigrated.
• Freedom for the European countries was inspired.