German Political Parties in the Late 19th Century

National Liberals (NL)

• Founded in 1867 by supporters of Bismarck's German unification policy
• Represented the Protestant middle classes
• Supported by wealthy, educated men such as bankers, merchants, and civil servants
• Favored free trade, a strong Germany, and a constitutional liberal state
• Became more conservative after 1875 due to the rising strength of the Social Democratic Party

Zentrum (Centre Party – Z)

• Founded in 1870, representing German Catholics and minorities opposed to Bismarck
• Strong in southern German states, particularly Bavaria, and the Rhineland
• Determined to preserve the position of the Catholic Church, especially in education
• Favored greater decentralization and was liberal in its attitude to social reform

Social Democratic Party (SPD)

• Founded in 1875, representing the working classes and working with trade unions
• Supported reduction of elite power and extension of welfare reforms
• Extreme members sought a total overthrow of the constitution and a republic
• Majority sought to work within the existing system to improve conditions for the masses

German Conservative Party (DKP)

• Founded in 1876, representing conservative elements