Geriatric Medicine Overview

Adults aged 45-75 should get a colonoscopy every 10 years. Those with a family history or inflammatory bowel disease should be screened earlier.

Women aged 40-74 should get mammograms. Starting at age 50, biennial mammograms are recommended.

Adults aged 50-80 with a history of heavy smoking should get an annual low-dose CT scan. This applies to those who currently smoke or quit within the past 15 years.

Postmenopausal women over 50 should be screened for osteoporosis risk. Men aged 70 and up or those with risk factors should also be screened.

LGBTQI individuals face higher rates of depression, anxiety, suicidal behavior, and eating disorders due to stigma, discrimination, and minority stress.

LGBTQI individuals have increased rates of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, often as a coping mechanism for minority stress.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women are disproportionately affected by HIV and other STIs.

Healthcare providers should treat LGBTQI individuals holistically, considering their unique needs and experiences instead of just focusing on risk factors.

Early identification of congenital anomalies and health issues is critical. It helps address immediate needs (e.g., resuscitation) and informs follow-up care.

Monitor growth and development, provide vaccinations, and screen for complications. Offer anticipatory guidance (e.g., feeding, sleep). Screen for postpartum depression. Address concerns during follow-up visits.

Normal spontaneous vaginal delivery.

Used for pediatric weight classification (e.g., 95th% for overweight).

Key physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional behaviors expected at certain ages. These milestones offer a baseline for assessing a child's development.

Screening tool for developmental milestones.

Approach with patience, avoid rushing, adapt based on developmental stage (e.g., infants on parent’s lap, older children with age-appropriate language). Perform least invasive parts first. Observe child-parent interactions.

Delivery type, prenatal care, and complications (e.g., preterm, NICU stays).

Measurements of temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure that are adjusted for age.

Measurements of weight, height, and head circumference, crucial for monitoring a child's development.

A reflex tested by tapping between the eyes, causing blinking. Persistent in older children can signal neurological concerns.

A reflex observed when the head is turned to one side, extending the arm on that side and flexing the opposite arm. Usually disappears by 4-6 months.

Blue discoloration of the skin that is concerning if central (involving the trunk) but may be benign in newborns as peripheral (acrocyanosis).

Visible pulling in of the chest wall during breathing, indicating increased effort. Intercostal, suprasternal, and subcostal retractions are signs of respiratory distress.

A benign, usually early-mid systolic, vibratory or musical heart murmur, common in children.

Methods used to examine a newborn, prioritizing a calm environment, non-invasive observations, and warming of hands and equipment to minimize stress.

Assesses a newborn's vital signs at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. It evaluates Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. Scores of 8-10 are normal, 5-7 indicate distress, and 0-4 is critical.

Determines a newborn's gestational age by examining physical and neuromuscular maturity. It includes signs like the square window, popliteal angle, and scarf sign.

Evaluates hip stability by testing if the hip can be dislocated with pressure. A positive result suggests instability.

Checks for dislocated hips by attempting to reduce them. A positive result indicates hip dysplasia.

A startle response where the newborn extends their arms and then brings them together in a hugging motion.

High levels of bilirubin in the blood, causing jaundice.

Can be physiologic due to immature liver function or pathologic due to hemolysis, sepsis, or blood group incompatibility.

Focuses on positive behaviors and strengths of the adolescent, building rapport through praise and success recognition. It encourages a dialogue rather than a checklist approach to understand the adolescent's unique challenges and goals.

Adolescents may be reluctant to disclose information, influenced by peer and parental pressures, and have difficulty trusting healthcare providers.

Establish trust through open-ended questions, promote preventative care, address risk behaviors, and balance autonomy with parental involvement.

Inflicting injuries like bruises, burns, fractures, or internal injuries on a child. This includes specific injury patterns, like immersion burns or metaphyseal fractures.

Involves children in sexual activities they cannot consent to or understand. This includes direct contact and exposure to pornography.

Failure to provide physical, nutritional, or medical care to a child. 'Failure to thrive' is a sign of nutritional neglect.

Difficult to measure but includes behaviors causing psychological harm to a child.

Unusual bruising in specific locations, pattern marks, burns, fractures (especially rib or skull), and internal injuries.

An infected joint, usually occurring in a joint with pre-existing conditions (like osteoarthritis) or prior interventions (fracture repair or injections). Characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and tenderness. Joint fluid analysis and culture are essential for confirmation.

A type of inflammatory arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. Affects the big toe, knee, wrist, and frequently presents with tophi (deposits of uric acid crystals under the skin). Diagnosis confirmed by joint fluid crystal analysis and X-ray.

A condition similar to gout, caused by calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the joints. Often affects the knee, ankle, wrist, and knuckles. Can resemble rheumatoid arthritis in its chronic phase. X-ray findings can suggest CPPD.

A test used to assess for cervical radiculopathy. It involves extending the head and rotating it to the side pain is felt in. A positive test is indicated by pain radiating down the arm along the nerve root distribution.

A test used to assess for a shoulder impingement. It involves flexing the shoulder to 90 degrees, then internally rotating the arm. A positive test is indicated by pain in the shoulder, suggesting compression of tissues within the shoulder joint.