29 Esophagus ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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Questions and Answers

What is the major blood supply for the thoracic esophagus?

  • Left gastric and inferior phrenic arteries
  • Hemi-azygous and azygous veins
  • Inferior thyroid artery
  • Vessels directly off the aorta (correct)

Which nerve, when left undivided after vagotomy, can cause persistently high acid levels postoperatively?

  • Hemi-azygous and azygous veins
  • Right vagus nerve (correct)
  • Left vagus nerve
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve

What is the normal pressure at rest in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES)?

  • 15 mm Hg
  • 30 mm Hg
  • 40 mm Hg
  • 60 mm Hg (correct)

What is the most common site of esophageal perforation, usually occurring with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)?

<p>Cricopharyngeus muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relaxes to allow aspiration in a brainstem stroke?

<p>Cricopharyngeus muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of peristalsis occurs with incomplete emptying and esophageal distention?

<p>Secondary peristalsis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the swallow according to the text?

<p>CNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arterial blood supply of the cervical esophagus?

<p>Inferior thyroid artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pressure with food bolus in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES)?

<p>15 mm Hg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle occludes the nasopharynx during swallowing?

<p>Cricopharyngeus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of hiccoughs?

<p>Gastric distention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition presents with liquids being more difficult to swallow than solids?

<p>Myasthenia gravis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of a traction diverticulum?

<p>Granulomatous disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a bird’s beak appearance on manometry?

<p>Achalasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for isolated hypertensive LES?

<p>Calcium channel blocker (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with frequent high amplitude, non-peristaltic, unorganized contractions on manometry?

<p>Diffuse esophageal spasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of diverticulum is the cricopharyngeal muscle divided using endoscopy?

<p>Zenker's diverticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can be managed with Heller myotomy if other treatments fail?

<p>Achalasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic manometry finding in nutcracker esophagus?

<p>High-amplitude peristaltic contractions (&gt;180 mm Hg) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a Zenker's diverticulum to occur?

<p>Increased pressure during swallowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of dysphagia in myasthenia gravis and muscular dystrophy?

<p>Weakness in the upper esophageal sphincter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for high-grade dysplasia (HGD) in Barrett's esophagus?

<p>Endoscopic resection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for uncomplicated Barrett’s esophagus (no dysplasia)?

<p>PPI or Nissen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus?

<p>Obesity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site of metastases for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred treatment approach for cervical esophageal cancer?

<p>Definitive chemo-XRT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is the most important for prognosis in a patient without systemic metastases?

<p>Nodal spread (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary surgical treatment for tumors invading the submucosa of the esophagus?

<p>Esophagectomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach may have lower morbidity from esophageal leaks following surgery?

<p>Transhiatal approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary blood supply to the stomach after replacing the esophagus?

<p>Right gastroepiploic artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line management for chylothorax following esophagectomy?

<p>NPO and drainage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated for unresectable esophageal tumors?

<p>Definitive chemo-XRT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prognosis for patients with malignant fistulas?

<p>Poor with high mortality due to aspiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common defect in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?

<p>Defective Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) competence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best test to diagnose Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?

<p>24-hour pH probe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surgical procedure is indicated for GERD when there is failure of medical treatment, avoidance of lifetime meds, or refractory complications?

<p>Nissen fundoplication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key maneuver for identifying the left crura during Nissen fundoplication?

<p>Identification of the right crura (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of dysphagia following Nissen fundoplication?

<p>Tight wrap (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hiatal hernia involves the sliding of the gastroesophageal junction above the diaphragm?

<p>Type I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hiatal hernia requires repair due to the risk of gastric incarceration?

<p>Type IV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Schatzki's ring associated with?

<p>(GERD) Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus is predisposed to esophageal cancer?

<p>Intestinal type columnar metaplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should Barrett's esophagus be surveilled with endoscopy and biopsies if no dysplasia is detected?

<p>Annually for 2 years, then every 3 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are observed in paraesophageal hernias?

<p>Chest pain, retching without vomiting, and dysphagia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for the treatment of Schatzki's ring associated with GERD?

<p>Dilatation of the ring and PPI therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the most common benign esophageal tumor?

<p>Leiomyoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely symptom of leiomyoma?

<p>Dysphagia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended management for a leiomyoma larger than 5 cm or causing symptoms?

<p>Excision via thoracotomy/VATS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of caustic substance causes deep liquefaction necrosis in the esophagus?

<p>Alkali (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended initial diagnostic test for suspected esophageal perforations?

<p>CXR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best test to assess esophageal lesions in caustic esophageal injury?

<p>Endoscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the management for a contained esophageal perforation that is self-draining with no systemic effects?

<p>Observation and conservative therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which site is the most common for iatrogenic esophageal perforations?

<p>Left posterior lateral intrathoracic esophagus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by forceful vomiting followed by chest pain and often a history of ETOH?

<p>Boerhaave’s syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sign on auscultation may indicate Boerhaave’s syndrome?

<p>Mediastinal crunching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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