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Questions and Answers
Which energy source is considered renewable and produces no air pollutants?
Which energy source is considered renewable and produces no air pollutants?
What percentage of Earth's water is classified as freshwater?
What percentage of Earth's water is classified as freshwater?
Which of the following pollutants is NOT produced by coal?
Which of the following pollutants is NOT produced by coal?
Which renewable energy source primarily disrupts natural geyser activity?
Which renewable energy source primarily disrupts natural geyser activity?
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What process involves water percolating through the soil into underground layers?
What process involves water percolating through the soil into underground layers?
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Which energy source is known for having a high potential for water pollution due to tritium?
Which energy source is known for having a high potential for water pollution due to tritium?
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What is the primary function of a recharge zone?
What is the primary function of a recharge zone?
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Which component is NOT a principal part of the water cycle?
Which component is NOT a principal part of the water cycle?
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What is the term for the area where soil layers hold both air and water?
What is the term for the area where soil layers hold both air and water?
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Which of the following is a consequence of overgrazing animals?
Which of the following is a consequence of overgrazing animals?
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How does deforestation contribute to soil degradation?
How does deforestation contribute to soil degradation?
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What is leachate?
What is leachate?
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Which of the following activities can help conserve water resources?
Which of the following activities can help conserve water resources?
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What effect does agricultural waste have on the environment?
What effect does agricultural waste have on the environment?
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What contributes to siltation in water bodies?
What contributes to siltation in water bodies?
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What is a primary focus of Republic Act 9003?
What is a primary focus of Republic Act 9003?
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What is the primary process through which coal is formed from plant material?
What is the primary process through which coal is formed from plant material?
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Which type of coal is referred to as 'brown coal'?
Which type of coal is referred to as 'brown coal'?
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What type of trap is formed by changes in geological layers due to tectonic plate movement?
What type of trap is formed by changes in geological layers due to tectonic plate movement?
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Which geothermal power plant type uses steam produced directly from the geothermal reservoir?
Which geothermal power plant type uses steam produced directly from the geothermal reservoir?
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What is the main characteristic of anthracite coal?
What is the main characteristic of anthracite coal?
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What dictates whether organic debris will produce more oil or gas?
What dictates whether organic debris will produce more oil or gas?
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Which type of geothermal plant separates geothermally heated water under pressure into steam and hot water?
Which type of geothermal plant separates geothermally heated water under pressure into steam and hot water?
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Which term describes mud that contains organic matter and can produce oil and gas deposits?
Which term describes mud that contains organic matter and can produce oil and gas deposits?
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What is the primary function of a heat exchanger in a geothermal power system?
What is the primary function of a heat exchanger in a geothermal power system?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of geothermal energy?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of geothermal energy?
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What is the main principle behind hydroelectric energy generation?
What is the main principle behind hydroelectric energy generation?
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What characterizes the run of the river system in hydroelectric power generation?
What characterizes the run of the river system in hydroelectric power generation?
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Which of the following hydroelectric power plants is the largest in the Philippines?
Which of the following hydroelectric power plants is the largest in the Philippines?
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What is one benefit of hydroelectric systems related to safety?
What is one benefit of hydroelectric systems related to safety?
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What is a possible environmental impact of constructing a large dam?
What is a possible environmental impact of constructing a large dam?
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Which advantage is associated with geothermal power generation?
Which advantage is associated with geothermal power generation?
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Study Notes
Fossil Fuels
- Fossil fuels are formed through anaerobic decomposition of buried organic matter, primarily consisting of coal, petroleum, and natural gas, with high carbon content.
Coal
- Coal is a combustible sedimentary rock found in layers known as coal beds or seams.
- Coal formation, or coalification, occurs via diagenesis and metamorphism, also referred to as bituminization.
Types of Coal
- Peat: Decaying vegetation and the precursor to coal.
- Lignite: Compressed peat, known as "brown coal."
- Bituminous/Sub Bituminous: Compressed lignite; significant for energy production.
- Steam coal: Transitional coal between bituminous and anthracite.
- Anthracite: Highest-ranking ignitable coal, hard and smokeless.
- Graphite: Represents the highest rank but is rarely used as fuel and is hard to ignite.
Petroleum
- Source rock must contain 1-2% organic matter to produce oil and gas; type of organic matter influences yield (animal means more oil, plant means more gas).
- Migration refers to the movement of oil and gas away from the source rock.
- Reservoir rock is where hydrocarbon deposits accumulate, while structural and stratigraphic traps refer to geological formations that hold these deposits.
Geothermal Energy
- Geothermal energy is thermal energy from the Earth's interior.
- Types of geothermal power plants include:
- Dry Steam: Direct use of geothermal steam to generate electricity.
- Flash Steam: High-pressure hot water converted to steam for turbines.
- Binary Cycle: Geothermal heat transfers to a lower boiling point liquid.
- Combined Cycle: Uses both flash steam and binary systems for efficiency.
- Advantages: No pollution, low operating costs, minimal space needed, and reduced fossil fuel dependence.
- Disadvantages: Limited suitable locations, potential depletion, hazardous gases, and high initial investments.
Hydroelectric Energy
- Hydroelectric energy derives from the gravitational force of falling water.
- Types of plants include:
- Water Reservoir Dam: Stores water behind a dam.
- Run of the River: Utilizes flowing water without large dams.
- Pumped Storage: Transfers water between reservoirs for energy generation.
- Advantages: No pollution, efficient (90%), safe, and low maintenance.
- Disadvantages: High initial costs, environmental impact due to flooding, and habitat disruption.
Major Hydroelectric Projects
- Kalayaan Pumped Storage: Largest in the Philippines.
- La Grande Complex: Largest in the world, located in Canada, with a 16GW output.
- Three Gorges Dam: Largest dam globally, located in China.
Human Activity and Environmental Impact
- Oil: Non-renewable, contributes to multiple pollutants.
- Natural Gas: Less polluting than oil and coal.
- Coal: Non-renewable, releases CO2 and other pollutants.
- Biomass: Renewable but has low energy output.
- Hydroelectric: Renewable, clean, but affects aquatic habitats.
- Solar Power: Renewable, clean, and safe but needs large land areas.
- Geothermal: Renewable with localized impact.
- Wind Power: Renewable and clean but requires extensive land.
- Nuclear Fission: Non-renewable, generates radioactive waste.
- Nuclear Fusion: Also non-renewable, potential for water contamination.
Environmental Solutions
- Curbing global warming and creating a clean energy future are essential.
- Protecting health, ensuring safe water, and fostering sustainable communities are priorities.
Water Resources
- Water distribution: 97.5% saltwater, 2.5% freshwater (68.7% in icecaps/glaciers, 30.1% groundwater).
- 10% of freshwater exists in the atmosphere.
- Water cycle involves precipitation, infiltration, runoff, groundwater discharge, and evapotranspiration.
Groundwater
- Groundwater recharges through surface infiltration and is stored in aquifers.
- The water table marks the interface between the saturated and unsaturated zones.
- Aquifers are porous layers that contain accessible fresh water.
Water Conservation
- Conserve water by reducing use, avoiding pollutants, maintaining appliances, and employing water-efficient practices.
Soil Resources
- Agricultural practices, overgrazing, deforestation, mining, and development degrade soil quality through increased erosion.
Waste Generation and Management
- Waste comes in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms, with leachate causing potential contamination.
- Industrial, agricultural, mining, and biomedical waste severely affect the environment.
- Replicating waste reduction practices at home and in communities is essential.
Ecological Solid Waste Management
- Republic Act 9003 aims to improve waste management practices through sustainable measures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on geothermal energy systems, including heat exchangers and flash/binary combined cycle technology. Explore the advantages and processes involved in converting geothermal energy into electricity. This quiz covers the fundamentals of geothermal energy applications.
