Geospatial Technology and Literacy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the adult literacy rate represent?

  • The percentage of the population that has completed high school
  • The percentage of adults who can read and write at a basic level (correct)
  • The percentage of the total population enrolled in literacy programs
  • The percentage of adults who have a college degree

Which scale would be most appropriate for giving directions from a house to a local store?

  • Global scale
  • National scale
  • Regional scale
  • Local scale (correct)

What is NOT a type of geospatial technology?

  • GIS (Geographic Information System)
  • GPS (Global Positioning System)
  • Aerial photography
  • Personal digital assistants (correct)

What does the U.S. Census survey provide information about?

<p>Demographics related to the population and housing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing average home prices across different regions, what scale is being used?

<p>National, provincial, and local scales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern of population density would typically indicate a city?

<p>High-density clustering around a central point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of remote sensing satellites?

<p>To capture high-resolution images of the Earth's surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies using a regional scale?

<p>Comparing state populations across the U.S. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do population distribution and density impact service provision?

<p>They affect the accessibility and effectiveness of services. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the fertility rates in different regions?

<p>Social, cultural, political, and economic factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the demographic transition model illustrate?

<p>Population change over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a push factor in migration?

<p>Available job opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the epidemiological transition model?

<p>Causes of changing death rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines population aging?

<p>Birth and death rates, plus life expectancy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the maximum number of people sustained by given resources?

<p>Carrying capacity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are population pyramids useful?

<p>They assess population growth and market predictions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Ravenstein's laws of migration primarily focused on?

<p>Patterns and trends in migration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of voluntary migration?

<p>It is predominantly driven by economic opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of density relates to the number of farmers per unit of arable land?

<p>Agricultural density. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do social values play in shaping fertility rates?

<p>They contribute to lowering fertility rates in various regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Lee's Migration Model account for?

<p>Push/pull factors and intervening obstacles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are functional regions characterized by?

<p>Areas influenced by a central node (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of region involves areas defined by common characteristics such as language or climate?

<p>Formal regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a perceptual region primarily rely on?

<p>Cultural perceptions of an area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In map scaling, what does the scale of 1:63,360 represent?

<p>Both A and B are correct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which map projection is known for preserving shape while distorting size?

<p>Mercator projection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a topographic map?

<p>Displays elevation and physical features (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map uses shapes of varying sizes to represent data distribution?

<p>Cartogram (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does distance decay refer to?

<p>The decreasing significance of location over distance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind space-time compression?

<p>Technology reduces the time needed to traverse distances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to balancing the needs of people and the environment with existing resources?

<p>Sustainability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario does possibilism apply?

<p>Using technology to overcome geographic challenges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do isopleth maps specifically depict?

<p>Equal values of a single variable in specific areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a choropleth map?

<p>Employs colors and shading to represent data values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a flow-line map illustrate?

<p>Movement or flow patterns, often with arrows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of counterurbanization?

<p>Migration from urban areas to rural areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered a push factor in migration?

<p>Natural disasters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for individuals who are forced to leave their homes due to conflict but remain within their country's borders?

<p>Internally displaced persons (IDPs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which migration model suggests the presence of both push and pull factors in both the origin and destination countries?

<p>Lee’s Migration Model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes chain migration?

<p>The sequential movement of multiple members of the same group to a specific area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when migrants send money back to their home country to support families?

<p>Remittances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the demographics of migrants?

<p>Natives of towns migrate more than those from rural areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the emigration of highly skilled individuals seeking better opportunities?

<p>Brain drain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to a maximum limit on immigration from a specific country?

<p>Quota (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'circular migration' describe?

<p>Temporary and repetitive movement for work purposes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is acculturation?

<p>Adopting traits from another cultural group after exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of ethnic enclaves?

<p>Geographic areas where ethnic groups are concentrated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a creole language?

<p>A more complex language that arises from the mix of two or more languages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Environmental Determinism primarily concerned with?

<p>The influence of the environment on human development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map displays average values of a property or quantity through shades or colors?

<p>Choropleth map (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a formal region from other types of regions?

<p>It is defined by a predominant characteristic throughout its area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key concept of time-space compression?

<p>The reduction in barriers to communication and transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes 'relative distance'?

<p>It measures social and cultural connectivity between places. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a cartogram replace on a map?

<p>Land area with a variable like population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method for calculating population density focuses specifically on agricultural land use?

<p>Agricultural density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the effect of distance on cultural interactions, indicating that interaction declines with increased distance?

<p>Distance-decay (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of citizen science in scientific research?

<p>To enhance collaboration and increase scientific knowledge through public involvement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a functional (nodal) region?

<p>Organized around a central hub or node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the distortion caused when mapping a curved surface onto a flat one?

<p>Map projection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the concept of 'possibilism'?

<p>The environment places constraints, but humans can adapt and modify conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'site definition' refer to in geography?

<p>The specific physical characteristics and location of a place (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which map type utilizes dot symbols to illustrate the presence or quantity of a phenomenon?

<p>Dot distribution map (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the total fertility rate (TFR) indicate?

<p>Average number of children per fertile woman (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does zero population growth (ZPG) signify?

<p>Population remains constant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Japan's population pyramid?

<p>It resembles an upside-down triangle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary theories regarding overpopulation?

<p>Neo-Malthusianism and Esther Boserup Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependency ratio used for?

<p>To compare the working population to the non-working elderly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes forced migration?

<p>Involuntary movement due to external pressures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ecumene in population studies?

<p>To describe permanently inhabited land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the epidemiologic transition model primarily focus on?

<p>Shifts in diseases and mortality rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes net in-migration?

<p>More people moving in than moving out (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Industrial Revolution affect demographic transition?

<p>Lowered death rates and heightened birth rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of intraregional migration?

<p>Migration within a specific region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between voluntary and forced migration?

<p>Voluntary migration is based on personal choice, while forced migration involves external pressures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of population policies seeks to increase birth rates?

<p>Pro-natalist policies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a boundary line that separates two different linguistic regions?

<p>Isogloss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes folk culture from popular culture?

<p>Folk culture is limited by physical boundaries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines stimulus diffusion?

<p>The adaptation of ideas as they spread from one culture to another. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ghetto' refer to?

<p>A neighborhood with a high concentration of ethnic minorities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which religion is characterized as monotheistic and universalizing, originating in Israel?

<p>Christianity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lingua franca?

<p>A language commonly used for trade between speakers of different native languages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an autonomous region?

<p>A region with some level of self-governance from a larger political entity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Balkanization'?

<p>The breakup of a larger country into smaller, often hostile states. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes syncretism?

<p>The blending of multiple cultures to form new practices or beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the cultural prohibitions that restrict certain behaviors?

<p>Taboos (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the diffusion pattern of popular culture?

<p>It spreads rapidly through social media and ignores physical barriers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cultural geography, which type of diffusion occurs when people physically move to a new location?

<p>Relocation diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a branch and a denomination in religion?

<p>Branches are broader categories, while denominations are specific groups within those branches. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a failed state?

<p>Inability to protect national boundaries and project authority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a political entity with powers divided between a central government and regional governments?

<p>Federal state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term ethnic cleansing refer to?

<p>The forcible removal of a less powerful ethnic group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a compact state?

<p>A state that resembles a square and is centralized (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect defines ethnonationalism?

<p>Interest and culture of a specific ethnic group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gerrymandering affect electoral districts?

<p>Manipulates boundaries to favor a party or group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a multiethnic state?

<p>Includes multiple distinct ethnic groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a centripetal force in political geography?

<p>Elements that promote national unity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of boundary is drawn to accommodate cultural differences?

<p>Consequent boundary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term irredentism refer to?

<p>Political movement to reclaim lost territory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is true about a microstate?

<p>It is a sovereign state with limited population or area. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) allow a coastal state to do?

<p>Exploit marine resources within a specified distance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a fragmented state?

<p>A state whose territory is physically divided (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of boundary is characterized by being established before cultural landscapes emerged?

<p>Antecedent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a geometric boundary?

<p>The 49th parallel between the US and Canada (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically lead to the devolution of states?

<p>Economic growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the political entities that have limited sovereignty and function autonomously within a larger sovereign state?

<p>Subnational units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a political entity whose cultural boundaries align with its political boundaries?

<p>Nation-state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The largest flow of international migrants currently originates from which regions?

<p>South and East Asia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines 'self-determination'?

<p>The process by which a group gains autonomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a 'perforated state'?

<p>A state that surrounds another state completely (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines acculturation?

<p>Adoption of cultural traits from another culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does redlining affect communities?

<p>Limits financial services to certain areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a consequent boundary?

<p>The boundary formed around religious differences between India and Pakistan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the effects of cultural diffusion leading to shared cultural traits among different groups?

<p>Syncretism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to political movements striving for independence within a larger political entity?

<p>Separatism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes territoriality?

<p>The relationship of people and their economic systems to land (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a 'relict boundary'?

<p>A boundary that is visibly marked but no longer functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process can lead to a nation-state becoming a failed state?

<p>Centrifugal forces increasing ethnic tensions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stateless nation' refer to?

<p>An ethnic group lacking sovereign status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of superimposed boundaries?

<p>Artificially drawn without regard for cultural groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main obstacle do most immigrants face upon entering a new country?

<p>Legal restrictions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of supranational organizations?

<p>To unite countries for cultural, economic, or military goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of unitary states?

<p>Decentralized governance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining trait of a 'unitary state'?

<p>Central governance with uniform laws across the territory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization has the primary role of challenging state sovereignty through international cooperation?

<p>European Union (EU) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does desertification impact migration patterns in regions like West Africa?

<p>It serves as a major push factor for local populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a 'subsequent boundary' from other types of boundaries?

<p>Established after understanding social and cultural landscapes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a choke point?

<p>Panama Canal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'territoriality'?

<p>The connection between people and their land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines 'neocolonialism'?

<p>Indirect control through economic or cultural means (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Adult Literacy Rate

The percentage of adults in a country or region who can read and write at a basic level.

Pattern of Population Density

The way in which population is distributed across a geographic area.

Map Scale

The level of detail and geographic extent shown on a map. Examples include local, regional, national, and global.

Geospatial Technologies

Technologies that gather, analyze, and display geographic information. Examples include GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and aerial photography.

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Demographics

Statistical data about the characteristics of a population, including age, gender, race, and housing.

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U.S. Census

A survey conducted every 10 years by the U.S. government to count the population and gather demographic information.

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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

A type of test question that provides multiple answer choices, but only one is correct.

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Free Response Questions (FRQs)

A type of test question that requires a written response, often in the form of an essay or problem-solving explanation.

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Environmental Determinism

The belief that the physical environment, such as climate, determines patterns of human culture and societal development.

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Possibilism

The concept that while the environment places some constraints on human activity, humans can adapt to and modify these limitations through technology and innovation.

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Site

The specific physical characteristics and location of a place.

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Place

A specific point on Earth with unique human and physical features that differentiate it from others.

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Citizen Science

The practice of public participation and collaboration in scientific research to increase scientific knowledge.

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VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information)

Geographic data collected and added to maps by ordinary people, often without GIS or cartography expertise.

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Region

Any area differentiated from surrounding areas by at least one characteristic.

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Choropleth Map

Maps that use differences in shading, coloring, or symbols within defined areas to show average values of a property or quantity.

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Isoline Map

Maps that show lines connecting points of equal value.

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Dot Distribution Map

Maps that use dots to represent the presence or quantity of a phenomenon.

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Proportional Symbol Map (Graduated Symbol Map)

Maps that use proportional symbols (like circles) to represent the magnitude of a phenomenon.

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Cartogram

A map where a variable (e.g., population) replaces land area or distance, distorting the map to accommodate this new variable.

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Absolute Distance

A distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, like a mile or kilometer.

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Relative Distance

A measure of the social, cultural, and economic interconnectedness between two places, regardless of their absolute distance.

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Time-Space Compression

The apparent shrinking of the world due to increased transportation, communication, and capitalist processes.

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Formal (Uniform) Region

An area defined by a shared characteristic, like language, climate, or production of a specific crop.

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Perceptual (Vernacular) Region

An area where people share a common perception or belief about a place.

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Map Projection

A way of representing the Earth's curved surface on a flat map.

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Goode's Projection

A map projection that shows accurate areas but distorts shapes, especially near the poles.

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Robinson Projection

A map projection that balances distortions of shape and area, good for general maps.

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Mercator Projection

A map projection that accurately shows directions but distorts areas, especially near the poles.

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Dot Density Map

A map that shows the location and density of data using dots, where each dot represents a certain number of items.

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Reference Map

A map that provides basic information, like roads, landmarks, and geographic features, used for navigation.

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Topographic Map

A map that shows the elevation of an area, including physical features like rivers, mountains, and lakes.

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Flow-line Map

A map that shows the movement of people, goods, or ideas using lines and arrows, indicating the direction and volume of flow.

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Distance Decay

The idea that the farther away a place is, the less connected you are to it.

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Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals of a species that a particular environment can support over a long period of time.

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S-Curve Population Growth

A type of population growth where the rate of increase slows and eventually levels off.

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Physiological Density

A measure of the number of people per unit of arable land.

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Agricultural Density

A measure of the number of farmers per unit of arable land.

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Natural Increase

An increase in a country's population due to births exceeding deaths.

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Population Doubling Time

The time it takes for a population to double in size at a given rate of growth.

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Census

The process of analyzing population characteristics, like age, sex, and race.

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Population Density

Refers to the number of people living in a specific geographic area.

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes population change over time, characterized by stages of growth and decline.

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Epidemiological Transition

A trend of decreasing death rates and longer life expectancies due to improved healthcare and sanitation.

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Push Factors

Factors that encourage people to leave their current location.

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Pull Factors

Factors that encourage people to move to a new location.

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Urbanization

The process of people moving from rural areas to urban centers.

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Transnational Migration

The movement of people from one country to another.

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Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a population.

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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a year.

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Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.

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Doubling Time

The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size.

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

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Replacement Fertility Ratio

The number of children a woman needs to have to replace herself and her partner in a population.

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Overpopulation

A situation where a population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment.

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Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface that is permanently inhabited by humans.

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Demographic Transition Stages (DTM)

A model used to explain the changes in birth and death rates over time in a country.

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Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A situation where the birth rate and death rate are equal, resulting in zero population growth.

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Population Pyramids

A tool used to visualize the age and sex distribution of a population.

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Age Cohorts

A group of people born during the same period.

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Life Expectancy/Longevity

The average number of years a person is expected to live in a country.

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Dependency Ratio

The ratio of people who are not in the workforce (under 15 and over 65) to those who are.

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Natural Boundary

A boundary that follows natural features, like rivers, mountains, or coastlines.

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Geometric Boundary

A type of boundary defined by lines of latitude and longitude.

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Consequent Boundary

A political boundary that is drawn to accommodate cultural, ethnic, or linguistic groups.

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Ethnic Cleansing

The process of forcibly removing a less powerful ethnic group to create a homogeneous nation-state.

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Multinational State

A sovereign state comprised of multiple nationalities that agree to coexist for mutual benefit.

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Failed State

A state that is unable to perform basic functions like controlling its territory or protecting its borders.

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Fragmented State

A state whose territory is geographically divided into separate parts.

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Federal State

A state where power is shared between a central government and regional governments.

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Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

A maritime zone extending 200 nautical miles from a coastal state's baseline, granting exclusive rights to exploit marine resources.

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Irredentism

A political movement focused on uniting a nation or reclaiming lost territory.

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Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through means like colonization or military force.

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Centrifugal Force

Factors that push people and regions within a state apart, leading to division or conflict.

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Elongated State

A state with a long and narrow shape.

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Democracy

A system of government where power is vested in the people.

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Devolution

The transfer of power from a central governing body to lower levels of government.

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Interregional Migration

Migration from one region to another, often within a country.

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Counterurbanization

Migration from urban areas to rural areas, often seeking a more peaceful and affordable way of life.

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Refugees

People who are forced to leave their homes for safety or survival due to persecution, war, or natural disasters.

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Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

People who have been forced to leave their homes due to conflict or disaster, but remain within the borders of their own country.

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Intervening Obstacle

A barrier that hinders or discourages migration.

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Remittances

Money sent by migrants to their families and communities back home.

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Guest Workers/Migrant Workers

Temporary migrant workers, often employed on time contracts, who migrate for work opportunities.

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Chain Migration

The movement of multiple members of a group to the same destination, often facilitated by family and community ties.

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Brain Drain

The emigration of highly skilled and educated individuals from one country to another, seeking better opportunities.

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Brain Gain

The immigration of highly skilled and educated individuals into a country, often due to better opportunities and conditions.

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Immigration Quotas

A limit on the number of people who can immigrate from a specific country to another country.

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Circular Migration

The temporary and repetitive movement of a migrant worker between their home country and the host country, usually for employment.

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Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea or innovation through a hierarchical system, starting with the most influential individuals before spreading outwards.

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Isogloss

A boundary line marking the geographical distribution of a linguistic feature, such as a particular pronunciation or vocabulary.

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Language Family

A group of languages that share a common ancestor and have evolved from a shared root language.

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Lingua Franca

A language used for communication between people who speak different native languages, particularly for trade or business.

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Relocation Diffusion

The spread of an idea or innovation through the movement of people, often accompanied by cultural exchanges.

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Sense of Place

The emotive and personal connection that individuals develop to a particular place, based on their experiences and memories.

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Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an idea or innovation from one culture to another, but with modifications or adaptions to the original.

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Syncretism

The blend of cultural elements from different sources, resulting in a new cultural form or practice.

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Taboo

A cultural or social custom that is prohibited or considered inappropriate, often based on religious or traditional beliefs.

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Toponym

The name given to a place, often reflecting its geographical features, historical significance, or cultural associations.

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Cultural Patterns

The shared beliefs, behaviors, values, and customs that characterize a specific group or society.

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Hearth

The origin of something, particularly concerning cultural practices or innovations.

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Belief/Ethic Systems

A belief system that is not based on the worship of a god or deities, but focuses on a way of life or ethical principles.

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Universal Religion

A religion that seeks to expand its influence and convert people from other faiths.

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Denominations

A distinct branch or division within a larger religion, often with minor differences in beliefs or practices.

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Nation-State

A country whose political boundaries align with its cultural boundaries, meaning its people largely share a common identity.

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Stateless Nation

A group of people who share a common identity, culture, language, or history but lack their own sovereign state.

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Superimposed Boundary

A political boundary drawn without regard for existing cultural, religious, or ethnic groups, often imposed by outside forces.

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Relict Boundary

A political or geographical boundary that no longer functions as a border but remains visible in the landscape or cultural context.

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Self-Determination

The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments.

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Separatism

A political movement aimed at gaining independence or autonomy for a specific group or region within a larger political entity.

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Terrorism

The systematic use of violence by a group to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands.

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Sovereignty

The political authority of a state to govern itself.

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State (Country)

A politically bound area controlled by an established government with authority over its internal affairs and foreign policy

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Prorupted State

A state that has a large main body of territory, but also extends a long, narrow portion, often for strategic or economic reasons.

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Perforated State

A state that completely surrounds another state.

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NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement, a treaty enacted in 1994 to promote free trade between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

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Supranational Organization

An alliance of three or more countries for cultural, economic, or military reasons, working together to achieve common goals.

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Territorial Sea

A maritime zone extending 12 nautical miles from a coastal state's baseline where the state has sovereignty over the water, its resources, and the airspace above it.

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Antecedent Boundary

A boundary that existed before human settlement and remains in place as cultures develop.

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Centripetal Forces

Factors that tend to unify or strengthen a state, such as shared culture or national identity.

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Neocolonialism

A state that is controlled by a more powerful state through economic or political influence.

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Cultural Syncretism

Processes that involve the merging of cultural practices or beliefs.

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Study Notes

Unit 1: Introduction to Geography

  • Adult Literacy Rate: Percentage of the adult population able to read and write at a basic level.
  • Population Density Patterns: Maps can show clustered, linear, random, or coastal population distributions.
  • Scale in Geography: Global, regional, national, and local scales are essential for geographic analysis; appropriate scales vary based on the geographic question. For example, finding directions to a local restaurant uses a detailed map scale, not a global one.
  • Geospatial Technologies: Include GPS, GIS, remote sensing, satellite navigation systems, and aerial photography.
  • U.S. Census Surveys: Collected every 10 years, to count residents of the US and gather demographic data. Important for allocating federal funds.
  • Regions: Vary based on characteristics.
    • Functional (nodal) regions are areas influenced by a central point (e.g., radio station broadcast radius).
    • Formal (uniform) regions share a common characteristic (e.g., language, climate, State laws).
    • Perceptual (vernacular) regions are defined by people's perceptions (e.g., "the South").
  • Map Scales: Express map distance relative to ground distance (e.g., 1:63,360 means 1 inch on the map equals 63,360 inches on the ground). Different scales showcase varying amounts of land area.
  • Map Projections: Goode's, Robinson, and Mercator projections – each with unique advantages and distortions affecting depictions of landmasses and areas. See appendix for more details.
  • Types of Maps: Isopleth, choropleth, dot density, reference, topographic, cartogram, and flow-line maps to showcase different geographic information.
  • Distance Decay: The diminishing interaction between two locations as the distance between them increases.
  • Space-Time Compression: Relative distance between places decreases due to improved transportation and communication (faster travel).
    • Example: Traveling between San Francisco and New York in 2024 vs. 1830
  • Sustainability: Balancing environmental needs, human needs, and available resources for present and future generations.
  • Possibilism: Humans use technology to adapt to and modify their environment.
  • Environmental Determinism: Environment shapes human social development.

Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

  • Population Distribution: Influenced by physical (climate, landforms) and human (culture, economics, politics) factors.
  • Population Density Calculations: Arithmetic (total population/total land area), physiological (population/arable land), and agricultural (farmers/arable land) densities.
  • Consequences of Population Distribution: Impacts political, economic, and social processes (service provision) and environmental resources (carrying capacity).
  • Population Dynamics: Driven by fertility, mortality, and migration rates.
  • Natural Increase Rate (NIR): Difference between birth rate and death rate.
  • Population Doubling Time: The time it takes for a population to double in size.
  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children born per woman. Measures fertility.
  • Demographic Transition Model (DTM): Explains population change over time as a country or region progresses through stages of development.
  • Epidemiological Transition Model: Explains changing death rates over time, correlated with stages of societal development.
  • Women and the DTM: Changing social values, access to education, employment, healthcare, and contraception affect fertility rates.
  • Aging Populations: Population aging is influenced by birth and death rates and life expectancy; has significant political, social, and economic consequences.
  • Population Composition (Population Pyramids): Shows age and sex structures, revealing population growth or decline. Used to predict consumer markets and needs.
  • Malthusian Theory: Population growth outpaces food production. Critiques focus on innovations and technology.
  • Population Policies: Pronatalist (encouraging births) or antinatalist (limiting births) policies, including immigration policies.
  • Causes of Migration: Push factors (e.g., war, poverty) and pull factors (e.g., economic opportunity) influence migration. Intervening opportunities and obstacles affect migration patterns.
  • Forced and Voluntary Migration: Forced migration (slavery, refugees) vs. voluntary migration (transnational, internal). Types include chain migration, step migration, guest worker migration, and rural-to-urban migration.
  • Effects of Migration: Political, economic, and cultural impacts, including remittances.
  • Ravenstein's Laws of Migration: Summarize migration patterns (short-distance movements, rural-to-urban migration, male-female differences, etc.).
  • Lee's Migration Model: Considers push and pull factors, intervening obstacles to explain migration patterns.
  • Zelinsky's Migration Transition Model: Migration trends are linked to stages of the demographic transition.

Vocabulary Definitions

(Included for reference, not a separate study section.) Various terms related to population, migration, and demographic concepts are defined within the provided text.

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