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Questions and Answers
What was one of the processes that Gorbachev had started and lost control of?
What was one of the processes that Gorbachev had started and lost control of?
What was the law on nationalities introduced in January 1990 intended to avoid?
What was the law on nationalities introduced in January 1990 intended to avoid?
What event occurred in March 1990?
What event occurred in March 1990?
What was granted to the republics through the Union Treaty in March 1991?
What was granted to the republics through the Union Treaty in March 1991?
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Who was elected as President of the Russian Federation in May 1990?
Who was elected as President of the Russian Federation in May 1990?
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What was the outcome of granting more autonomy to the republics?
What was the outcome of granting more autonomy to the republics?
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What was a rare moment of aggression from Gorbachev?
What was a rare moment of aggression from Gorbachev?
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When was Boris Yeltsin elected through popular elections?
When was Boris Yeltsin elected through popular elections?
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What was the proposed solution to the problems in the Yugoslavian republics?
What was the proposed solution to the problems in the Yugoslavian republics?
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Which two republics declared their independence after the end of the Cold War?
Which two republics declared their independence after the end of the Cold War?
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Why did the conflict last for several months in Croatia?
Why did the conflict last for several months in Croatia?
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What was the ethnic mix in Bosnia-Herzegovina?
What was the ethnic mix in Bosnia-Herzegovina?
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What was the outcome of the independence referendum in Bosnia-Herzegovina in February 1992?
What was the outcome of the independence referendum in Bosnia-Herzegovina in February 1992?
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What was the result of the full-scale war in Bosnia-Herzegovina?
What was the result of the full-scale war in Bosnia-Herzegovina?
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What was the effect of the arms embargo on Muslim Bosnians?
What was the effect of the arms embargo on Muslim Bosnians?
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What was the goal of Serbia's ambition?
What was the goal of Serbia's ambition?
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What was the goal of naming rogue states?
What was the goal of naming rogue states?
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What was the outcome of the Cold War?
What was the outcome of the Cold War?
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What was a consequence of the end of the Cold War?
What was a consequence of the end of the Cold War?
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What was the result of the collapse of the Soviet Union?
What was the result of the collapse of the Soviet Union?
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What was the impact of the end of the Cold War on world politics?
What was the impact of the end of the Cold War on world politics?
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What is a characteristic of the United States after the Cold War?
What is a characteristic of the United States after the Cold War?
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What is a consequence of the end of the Cold War on global conflicts?
What is a consequence of the end of the Cold War on global conflicts?
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What is a feature of the post-Cold War world?
What is a feature of the post-Cold War world?
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Why did the Europeans, especially the French, want to resolve the Bosnian crisis by themselves?
Why did the Europeans, especially the French, want to resolve the Bosnian crisis by themselves?
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What event in April 1994 led to the Americans getting more involved in the Bosnian crisis?
What event in April 1994 led to the Americans getting more involved in the Bosnian crisis?
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What was the significance of the Croatian forces overrunning Krajina in 1995?
What was the significance of the Croatian forces overrunning Krajina in 1995?
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What was the outcome of the Dayton agreement in November 1995?
What was the outcome of the Dayton agreement in November 1995?
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What is the approximate population of Kosovo?
What is the approximate population of Kosovo?
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Why was Kosovo a key problem?
Why was Kosovo a key problem?
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What was the response to the Serb atrocities against ethnic Albanians in Kosovo?
What was the response to the Serb atrocities against ethnic Albanians in Kosovo?
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What happened on 10 June 1999 in the Kosovo conflict?
What happened on 10 June 1999 in the Kosovo conflict?
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What was Madame Agathe Uwillingiyimana?
What was Madame Agathe Uwillingiyimana?
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What happened to the 10 Belgian soldiers after they handed over their arms?
What happened to the 10 Belgian soldiers after they handed over their arms?
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What was the goal of the Hutu extremist leaders?
What was the goal of the Hutu extremist leaders?
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What was the name of the French intervention in Rwanda?
What was the name of the French intervention in Rwanda?
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How many troops were involved in Operation Turquoise?
How many troops were involved in Operation Turquoise?
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What was the outcome of the FPR's advance into Rwanda?
What was the outcome of the FPR's advance into Rwanda?
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Why did the Belgians pull back their troops from Rwanda?
Why did the Belgians pull back their troops from Rwanda?
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What was the approximate number of deaths in the Rwandese genocide?
What was the approximate number of deaths in the Rwandese genocide?
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What was the purpose of introducing the concept of rogue states?
What was the purpose of introducing the concept of rogue states?
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What was the outcome of the Cold War?
What was the outcome of the Cold War?
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What was the impact of the end of the Cold War on global politics?
What was the impact of the end of the Cold War on global politics?
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How did the end of the Cold War affect the United Nations Security Council?
How did the end of the Cold War affect the United Nations Security Council?
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What characterized the United States in the post-Cold War era?
What characterized the United States in the post-Cold War era?
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What was the significance of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union?
What was the significance of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union?
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How did the end of the Cold War affect humanitarian interventions?
How did the end of the Cold War affect humanitarian interventions?
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What is a feature of the post-Cold War world?
What is a feature of the post-Cold War world?
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What was one of the conditions of the reunification of Germany?
What was one of the conditions of the reunification of Germany?
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What was the outcome of the reunification of Germany?
What was the outcome of the reunification of Germany?
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What was the main difference between East and West Germany?
What was the main difference between East and West Germany?
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What was the significance of the friendship treaty between reunified Germany and the Soviet Union?
What was the significance of the friendship treaty between reunified Germany and the Soviet Union?
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What was the result of the reunification of Germany on the economy?
What was the result of the reunification of Germany on the economy?
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What was the capital of Germany after the reunification?
What was the capital of Germany after the reunification?
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What was the main difference between the two cars shown in the pictures?
What was the main difference between the two cars shown in the pictures?
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What was the approximate result of the reunification of Germany on the economy?
What was the approximate result of the reunification of Germany on the economy?
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What was the main reason for the increased need for humanitarian interventions after the Cold War?
What was the main reason for the increased need for humanitarian interventions after the Cold War?
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What was the characteristic of the world after the Cold War, before the rise of other great powers?
What was the characteristic of the world after the Cold War, before the rise of other great powers?
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What was the impact of the end of the Cold War on dictatorships in Third World countries?
What was the impact of the end of the Cold War on dictatorships in Third World countries?
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What was the outcome of the collapse of the Soviet Union in terms of its former republics?
What was the outcome of the collapse of the Soviet Union in terms of its former republics?
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What is the current status of the US in the world, according to the text?
What is the current status of the US in the world, according to the text?
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What was the impact of the end of the Cold War on the UN Security Council?
What was the impact of the end of the Cold War on the UN Security Council?
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What is the current characteristic of the world, according to the text?
What is the current characteristic of the world, according to the text?
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What is the current status of China, according to the text?
What is the current status of China, according to the text?
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What was the primary concern of the international community after the end of the Cold War?
What was the primary concern of the international community after the end of the Cold War?
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What is the only institution that can legally authorize intervention in another country?
What is the only institution that can legally authorize intervention in another country?
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What was Francis Fukuyama's argument about the end of the Cold War?
What was Francis Fukuyama's argument about the end of the Cold War?
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What was the dilemma faced by decision-makers after the end of the Cold War?
What was the dilemma faced by decision-makers after the end of the Cold War?
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What was the responsibility that decision-makers felt towards victims of conflicts?
What was the responsibility that decision-makers felt towards victims of conflicts?
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What was the title of Francis Fukuyama's book published in 1992?
What was the title of Francis Fukuyama's book published in 1992?
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What was the role of the 10 Belgian soldiers in Rwanda?
What was the role of the 10 Belgian soldiers in Rwanda?
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What was the result of the standoff with Rwandese soldiers?
What was the result of the standoff with Rwandese soldiers?
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What was the goal of the Hutu extremist leaders?
What was the goal of the Hutu extremist leaders?
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What was the name of the French intervention in Rwanda?
What was the name of the French intervention in Rwanda?
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What was the outcome of the FPR's advance into Rwanda?
What was the outcome of the FPR's advance into Rwanda?
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Why did the Belgians pull back their troops from Rwanda?
Why did the Belgians pull back their troops from Rwanda?
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What was the approximate number of deaths in the Rwandese genocide?
What was the approximate number of deaths in the Rwandese genocide?
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What was the main reason for Russia's high inflation and bankruptcies in the 1990s?
What was the main reason for Russia's high inflation and bankruptcies in the 1990s?
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What was the result of the economic crisis in South-East Asia in 1997?
What was the result of the economic crisis in South-East Asia in 1997?
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What was the outcome of Yeltsin's attempt to dissolve Parliament in 1993?
What was the outcome of Yeltsin's attempt to dissolve Parliament in 1993?
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What was the problem with Russia's administration in the 1990s?
What was the problem with Russia's administration in the 1990s?
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What was the result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union?
What was the result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union?
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What was the result of Yeltsin's appointment of Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister?
What was the result of Yeltsin's appointment of Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister?
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Why did Yeltsin try to dissolve Parliament in 1993?
Why did Yeltsin try to dissolve Parliament in 1993?
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Why was it important for the West to avoid acting triumphant over the USSR?
Why was it important for the West to avoid acting triumphant over the USSR?
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What was the consequence of Yeltsin's reforms in the 1990s?
What was the consequence of Yeltsin's reforms in the 1990s?
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What was a fear of the US regarding the USSR's reforms?
What was a fear of the US regarding the USSR's reforms?
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What was the main challenge facing Russia in the 1990s?
What was the main challenge facing Russia in the 1990s?
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What was the US's approach to dealing with the leaders of the successor states?
What was the US's approach to dealing with the leaders of the successor states?
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What was a consequence of the dissolution of the USSR?
What was a consequence of the dissolution of the USSR?
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What was the US's concern regarding Soviet reforms?
What was the US's concern regarding Soviet reforms?
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What was a fear of the US regarding the USSR's nuclear weapons?
What was a fear of the US regarding the USSR's nuclear weapons?
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What was the US's attitude towards Gorbachev's reforms?
What was the US's attitude towards Gorbachev's reforms?
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What was George H.W. Bush's vision for the new world order after the end of the Cold War?
What was George H.W. Bush's vision for the new world order after the end of the Cold War?
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What was the outcome of George H.W. Bush's pledge not to raise taxes?
What was the outcome of George H.W. Bush's pledge not to raise taxes?
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What was the significance of Bill Clinton's catchphrase 'it's the economy, stupid'?
What was the significance of Bill Clinton's catchphrase 'it's the economy, stupid'?
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What was the outcome of the expansion of NATO during Bill Clinton's presidency?
What was the outcome of the expansion of NATO during Bill Clinton's presidency?
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What was the concept of 'rogue states' introduced by Clinton and his advisors?
What was the concept of 'rogue states' introduced by Clinton and his advisors?
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What was the significance of the Bosnia crisis during the Clinton presidency?
What was the significance of the Bosnia crisis during the Clinton presidency?
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What was the outcome of the Gulf War during George H.W. Bush's presidency?
What was the outcome of the Gulf War during George H.W. Bush's presidency?
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What was a major issue that Bill Clinton faced during his presidency?
What was a major issue that Bill Clinton faced during his presidency?
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What was the primary purpose of introducing the concept of rogue states?
What was the primary purpose of introducing the concept of rogue states?
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What was the significance of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union?
What was the significance of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union?
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What was a consequence of the end of the Cold War on global politics?
What was a consequence of the end of the Cold War on global politics?
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What characterized the United States in the post-Cold War era?
What characterized the United States in the post-Cold War era?
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What was the outcome of the Cold War?
What was the outcome of the Cold War?
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How did the end of the Cold War affect the United Nations Security Council?
How did the end of the Cold War affect the United Nations Security Council?
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What is a feature of the post-Cold War world?
What is a feature of the post-Cold War world?
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What was the impact of the end of the Cold War on humanitarian interventions?
What was the impact of the end of the Cold War on humanitarian interventions?
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What is a major criticism of Huntington's theory?
What is a major criticism of Huntington's theory?
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What was the main concern for the US regarding European security after the Cold War?
What was the main concern for the US regarding European security after the Cold War?
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What was the significance of the 'Founding Act' between NATO and Russia in 1997?
What was the significance of the 'Founding Act' between NATO and Russia in 1997?
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What was a major challenge facing NATO after the Cold War?
What was a major challenge facing NATO after the Cold War?
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What was the outcome of the Dayton Agreement in 1995?
What was the outcome of the Dayton Agreement in 1995?
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What was the purpose of NATO's expansion into Eastern Europe?
What was the purpose of NATO's expansion into Eastern Europe?
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What was the main concern of the Europeans, especially the French, regarding the Bosnian crisis?
What was the main concern of the Europeans, especially the French, regarding the Bosnian crisis?
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What was the outcome of the collapse of the Soviet Union on global politics?
What was the outcome of the collapse of the Soviet Union on global politics?
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Study Notes
Regionalism
- USSR consisted of 15 Soviet Republics
- In January 1990, a law on nationalities was introduced to avoid Soviet break-up
- In March 1990, the Red Army was sent to Lithuania after its declaration of independence
- In May 1990, Boris Yeltsin was elected as President of the Russian Federation
- Difficult relations existed between the Union and the republics
- In March 1991, the Union Treaty gave larger autonomy to the republics
- In June 1991, Yeltsin was elected through popular elections
Unilateral World
- The end of the Cold War resulted in a unipolar world with the US as the dominant power
- The US had economic, military, and cultural dominance
- The collapse of communist regimes led to the end of the Cold War
Polarity and Stability
- The concept of polarity refers to the distribution of power in the international system
- Types of polarity include multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, and uni-multipolar worlds
- The end of the Cold War marked a shift from a bipolar to a unipolar world
Yugoslavia and the Balkans
- The end of the Cold War led to the rise of regionalism and nationalism in Yugoslavia
- Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence in 1990, leading to conflict with Serbia
- The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina lasted from 1992 to 1995, resulting in 100,000 deaths and 2.2 million refugees
- The Bosnian conflict was characterized by ethnic cleansing, particularly in Srebrenica
- The Dayton agreement in 1995 established a federal Bosnia and Herzegovina with two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Serb Republic
Kosovo
- Kosovo is an autonomous province of Serbia with a population of 2 million, mostly ethnic Albanians
- Kosovo lost its autonomous status in 1989
- The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) fought against Serbian forces in 1998, leading to atrocities against ethnic Albanians
- NATO airstrikes in 1999 led to the withdrawal of Serbian forces and the eventual independence of Kosovo
Rwandan Genocide
- The Rwandan genocide was a 100-day period of violence in 1994, resulting in 800,000 deaths
- The genocide was perpetrated by Hutu extremists against Tutsis and moderate Hutus
- The killing of 10 Belgian soldiers led to the withdrawal of UN troops, leaving the population vulnerable to violence
- French intervention under Operation Turquoise led to the eventual victory of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and the establishment of a coalition government
German Reunification
- The reunification of Germany was a costly operation for West Germany, which absorbed East Germany.
- To obtain Soviet approval, several concessions were made, including:
- No NATO troops stationed in former East-Germany
- No nuclear weapons deployed in former East-Germany
- Germany would pay the cost of the withdrawal of the Red Army
- A friendship treaty would be signed between reunified Germany and the Soviet Union
- The reunification Treaty was signed on August 31st, 1990, making Berlin the capital of Germany again.
Post-Cold War Era
- The end of the Cold War marked a significant shift in global politics, with the United States emerging as the dominant power.
- The concept of "rogue states" was introduced to mobilize people for an activist foreign policy in the absence of a clear enemy.
- The United States' dominance was evident in economic, military, and cultural terms.
- The end of the Cold War led to the removal of "shackles" from the UN Security Council, allowing for increased humanitarian interventions.
Impact of the Cold War's End
- The collapse of the Soviet Union brought about tensions between former republics and ethnic communities.
- The end of the Cold War meant that the world was no longer divided into two opposing camps.
- The removal of support for dictators led to the eruption of internal conflicts in Third World countries.
Unipolar World
- The post-Cold War era was characterized by a brief unipolar world, with the United States as the sole superpower.
- This period was marked by a greater need for humanitarian interventions.
- The world eventually transitioned into a unit-multipolar world, with one superpower (the US) and multiple great powers (Russia, China, and the EU).
Rogue States and Humanitarian Interventions
- The concept of rogue states was used to justify humanitarian interventions.
- The dilemma of when to intervene and on what grounds was a significant challenge for decision-makers.
- The UN Security Council was the only institution that could authorize legal interventions in another country.
The End of History
- Francis Fukuyama's book "The End of History and the Last Man" (1992) argued that the end of the Cold War marked the end of an ideological evolution towards the most optimal economic and political system (liberalism).
Rwandan Genocide
- The Rwandan genocide was perpetrated by Hutus against Tutsis and moderate Hutus in 1994.
- The genocide began after the killing of Rwandan President Habyarimana's plane, which led to the killing of 10 Belgian soldiers.
- The international response to the genocide was slow, and the UN mission was eventually withdrawn.
- The French intervention, Operation Turquoise, was launched under a UN mandate.
- The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) eventually took over the country, and a coalition government was established in accordance with the Arusha accord.
Yeltsin's Reforms in Russia
- Yeltsin faced economic and social challenges and enacted significant reforms, including the privatization of industries to secure financial help from the West, mainly the US.
- These reforms led to high inflation, bankruptcies, and increased taxes, which many people opposed.
- Another major problem was that Russia still relied on the same administration it had under communist rule, which was not flexible or efficient.
- Corruption also became a significant issue.
Political Problems in Russia
- In 1993, Yeltsin tried to dissolve Parliament, which led to a dispute, as he did not have the authority to do so according to the constitution.
- Yeltsin relied on the result of an earlier referendum that would grant him the necessary powers.
- Parliament tried to depose and replace him, but Yeltsin won the dispute by bombing Parliament.
Un-frozen Conflicts in the USSR
- The dissolution of the Soviet Union brought about unfrozen conflicts, which were basically frozen by the Soviet Union's grip on the Republics.
- Different ethnic groups within different former Soviet republics saw the opportunity to rise and fight for independence or greater aspirations.
US Foreign Policy After the Cold War
- The US did not act triumphant or victorious over the USSR, and instead maintained support for Gorbachev's reforms.
- The US feared a return to totalitarianism and the dispersion of nuclear weapons among successor states.
- The US established links with leaders of successor states and maintained its interest in the region.
New World Order
- Bush believed in a new world order based on respect for international law, liberalism, human rights, and free trade.
- The Gulf War demonstrated American dominance, but Bush lost sight of domestic economic evolutions in the US.
Clinton's Foreign Policy
- Clinton's slogan "it's the economy, stupid!" resonated with the American public, and he eventually gained confidence in pursuing his own foreign policy agenda.
- Clinton's foreign policy led to the marginalization of Russia in world affairs, particularly in Bosnia and NATO expansion.
Rogue States and Failed States
- Clinton introduced the concept of "rogue states", which included countries like Libya, Sudan, Iraq, and Iran that did not respect the new liberal world order and supported terrorist groups.
- The goal of naming rogue states was to mobilize the American people for an activist foreign policy.
Unipolar World
- The end of the Cold War led to a unipolar world, with the US as the dominant power in economic, military, and cultural terms.
- The concept of rogue states and humanitarian interventions became prominent in a unipolar world.
NATO After the Cold War
- NATO's relevance was questioned after the removal of the Soviet threat.
- The US had an ambiguous position, wanting Europe to take more responsibility for its own security while maintaining American influence.
- NATO enlarged during Clinton's second term, with Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic joining in 1999.
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Description
This quiz covers the events and politics of the USSR and its 15 Soviet Republics from 1990, including the law on nationalities, declaration of independence, and election of Boris Yeltsin. It explores the difficult relations between the Union and the republics.
