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Questions and Answers
What is the R.F of a scale that represents 40 km as 8 cm?
What is the R.F of a scale that represents 40 km as 8 cm?
Which conic section is formed when the cutting plane is parallel to one of the generators of a cone?
Which conic section is formed when the cutting plane is parallel to one of the generators of a cone?
If a Vernier scale has an R.F of 1/20, how many centimeters does it represent when reading 1.44 m?
If a Vernier scale has an R.F of 1/20, how many centimeters does it represent when reading 1.44 m?
In constructing a scale to measure up to 5 km, how long should each kilometer be represented if 1 km is shown as 4 cm?
In constructing a scale to measure up to 5 km, how long should each kilometer be represented if 1 km is shown as 4 cm?
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What is the shape of the conic section produced by cutting a cone with a plane that is inclined to the axis and intersects all generators?
What is the shape of the conic section produced by cutting a cone with a plane that is inclined to the axis and intersects all generators?
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On a diagonal scale representing 1 km as 4 cm, what is the distance covered by a car running at a speed of 54 km/hr in 3 minutes?
On a diagonal scale representing 1 km as 4 cm, what is the distance covered by a car running at a speed of 54 km/hr in 3 minutes?
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For a rectangle measuring 223 m x 107 m that needs to be drawn using a scale, which measurement will be appropriate to use for accuracy?
For a rectangle measuring 223 m x 107 m that needs to be drawn using a scale, which measurement will be appropriate to use for accuracy?
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How would you represent a square with a side of 2 cm which equates to an area of 25 m² on a designated scale?
How would you represent a square with a side of 2 cm which equates to an area of 25 m² on a designated scale?
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What does a plain scale typically measure?
What does a plain scale typically measure?
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In a diagonal scale with a scale of R.F. 1:2, how much does 1 cm represent?
In a diagonal scale with a scale of R.F. 1:2, how much does 1 cm represent?
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What is the main benefit of using a vernier scale?
What is the main benefit of using a vernier scale?
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When constructing a plain scale for 6 meters with a representation of 1 meter by 2.5 cm, what is the total length of the scale?
When constructing a plain scale for 6 meters with a representation of 1 meter by 2.5 cm, what is the total length of the scale?
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How is a diagonal scale particularly useful in measurements?
How is a diagonal scale particularly useful in measurements?
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If the scale indicates that 1 cm represents 40 cm, how long would 15 cm represent?
If the scale indicates that 1 cm represents 40 cm, how long would 15 cm represent?
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Which type of scale is specifically designed to allow measurement accuracy up to the second decimal?
Which type of scale is specifically designed to allow measurement accuracy up to the second decimal?
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What does the term R.F. stand for in the context of scale drawing?
What does the term R.F. stand for in the context of scale drawing?
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What scale drawing is used when representing a real-life distance of 4 km as 8 cm on a map?
What scale drawing is used when representing a real-life distance of 4 km as 8 cm on a map?
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If a vernier scale has a representative fraction of 2500, what does it imply about the measurements?
If a vernier scale has a representative fraction of 2500, what does it imply about the measurements?
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How long should a scale be if it represents a distance of 375 m as 15 cm?
How long should a scale be if it represents a distance of 375 m as 15 cm?
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What measurement does each part of a scale of chords represent for a circle of radius r?
What measurement does each part of a scale of chords represent for a circle of radius r?
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If the scale is constructed with a ratio of 1.5 cm = 1 dm, how long will it be to represent 1 meter?
If the scale is constructed with a ratio of 1.5 cm = 1 dm, how long will it be to represent 1 meter?
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What is the R.F. if 6 cm² on a map represents an area of land of 2664 m²?
What is the R.F. if 6 cm² on a map represents an area of land of 2664 m²?
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When constructing a vernier scale to measure linearly, where would you typically find them used?
When constructing a vernier scale to measure linearly, where would you typically find them used?
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In constructing a diagonal scale to measure up to 700 km, which measurement is most appropriate on the scale?
In constructing a diagonal scale to measure up to 700 km, which measurement is most appropriate on the scale?
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Study Notes
Laboratory Manual of Engineering Drawing & Computer Graphics
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Document details
- Institution: Academy of Technology
- Location: Aedconagar, Hooghly - 712121
- Department: Mechanical Engineering
- Semester: 1st/2nd
- Paper code: ES-ME 191/ES-ME 291
1.1 Principles of Engineering Graphics and their significance
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Standardized method
- Engineering drawings use standardized projection methods and rules to ensure accuracy in depicting size, shape, form, and aspect ratios between features.
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Purpose
- Engineering drawings clearly define product requirements
- Drawings act as a communication tool between engineers.
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Importance
- Accurate depictions crucial for engineering and construction projects
- Facilitates improved imagination and design
- Enables accurate pre-construction analysis and project estimation
1.2 Drawing Instruments
- Drawing sheet
- Drawing board
- Mini drafter
- Divider
- Protractor
- Set squares
- French curves (5, 6)
- Pencils (2H & 2B)
- Eraser
- Drawing clips
- Drawing paper box
- Sharpener
- Protractor(180, 360)
- Large size compass with interchangeable legs
- Small bow compass
- Large size Divider
- Small bow Divider
- Scale (Plain, Diagonal)
1.2 Different types of lines and their use
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Thick lines
- Outlines, visible edges, surface boundaries of objects, margin lines.
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Continuous thin lines
- Dimension lines, extension lines, section lines, leader or pointer lines, construction lines, border lines.
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Continuous thin wavy lines
- Short break lines or irregular boundary lines - drawn freehand.
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Continuous thin zig-zag lines
- Long break lines.
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Short dashes (gap 1, length 3mm)
- Invisible or interior surfaces, center lines, locus lines.
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Short dashes (alternate long and short dashes in a proportion of 6:1)
- Alternate long and short dashes.
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Long chain thick at end and thin elsewhere:
- Cutting plane lines.
1.4 Lettering
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Classification
- Gethic Lettering: Alphabets and numerals of uniform thickness (Gothic).
- Roman Lettering: Alphabets and numerals with thick and thin elements.
- Mechanical Lettering,
- Free Hand Lettering.
1.5 Drawing standards and codes
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Drawing Sheet Sizes
- Standardized sizes (A0 to A7) for engineering drawings
- Dimensions provided for each size
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Layout
- Specific layout structure for filling details including title block, margins, drawing frame, and reference grid.
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International Standards
- International standard organization (ISO) and bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
- Lines, lettering, and dimensioning methods are described in standard documents.
1.6 Dimensioning Systems
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Aligned System: Dimensions are aligned with the bottom and right edge of the sheet (readable).
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Unidirectional System: Dimensions are aligned along bottom edge of sheet .
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Arrowheads and dimension lines: Arrowheads are proportional to dimension line length; closed (filled) or oblique (open) arrowheads use based on the type of drawing
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Positioning of markings: Location of dimensions, and their respective notations.
1.7 Geometrical construction of polygon (General method)
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Steps for constructing a polygon using geometry.
- Drawing/calculating and marking positions of points for constructing a polygon
- Constructing lines/arcs to connect points and form the polygon.
2.1 Scale
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Definition
- Ratio of linear dimensions on a drawing to actual object dimensions.
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Representative fraction (RF):
- Ratio of the length on the drawing to the actual length of the object.
2.2 Types of Scales
- Reducing scale: Drawing dimensions smaller than actual object dimensions (e.g., 1:100)
- Full scale: Drawing dimensions same as actual object dimensions (e.g., 1:1)
- Enlarging scale: Drawing dimensions larger than actual object dimensions (e.g., 10:1).
2.3 Plain Scales
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Construction of scales for measuring to particular units.
- Use the representative fraction and object length to determine desired scale length
- Draw lines according to calculated positions and assign numerical values along each.
2.4 Problems
- Applications of scales in representing distances and areas on maps and drawings.
3.1 Introduction-Engineering Curves
- Definition of conic section curves based on the intersection of a plane with a right circular cone. Includes Ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, and spiral.
3.2 Problems
- Various problems related to sketching different types of curves.
4.1 Introduction-Projection
- Definition: Method for graphically representing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface.
- Line of sight,
- Plane of projection.
4.2 Planes of projection
- Imaginary planes used to project image of object.
4.3 Projection Methods
- Perspective projection: Object viewed from a single point, projectors are not parallel.
- Parallel projection: Parallel projection lines are used.
- Orthographic projection: Perpendicular projectors to the projection plane.
4.4 Difference between first angle and third angle projections
- First angle: Object is in the first quadrant and between the observer and the projection plane - assumes non-transparent.
- Third angle: Object is in the third quadrant and between the observer and the projection plane - assumes transparent.
4.5 Symbols of projection
- Symbols indicating the specific projection method used.
4.6 Problems on Projection of Points, Lines, Surfaces and Solids
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Problems: Drawing projections of points, lines, surfaces and solids according the specified requirements..
- Providing location relative to the reference planes (HP and VP).
5.1 Introduction-Section of Solids
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Definition: Method for creating sectional views of objects to depict internal features..
- Use of imaginary cutting planes to reveal parts.
- Importance: Section drawings improve clarity and reduce hidden lines
5.2 Examples
- Examples of creating sectional drawings or representations of various sectioned solids, and steps followed.
5.3 Problems of Section of Solids
- Various problems related to different solids.
6.1 Introduction-Development of Surface
- Definition of development (unfolding) of a 3D object into a 2D pattern.
6.2 Types of Development
- Parallel line development: Using parallel lines.
- Radial line development: Lines radiating from a central point.
- Triangulation method.
- Approximate development: Used for polyhedron, single curved surfaces and warped surfaces
6.3 Examples
- Examples of development types showing steps followed for each type of development
6.4 Problems
- Problems involving various surfaces (cones, cylinders, prisms, pyramids, and other complex shapes) that require drawing and developing the flattened pattern.
### 7.1 Principles of Isometric Projection
- Definition: Means 'equal measurement'.
- Visual representation: Three-dimensional object portrayed on a two-dimensional surface.
- Drawing: Shows true-length dimensions along three axes(x-axis, y-axis, z-axis)
7.2 Isometric Scale
- Isometric scale: Derived from the isometric view using the appropriate trigonometric relationship, in order to represent true length of three dimensions on an isometric projection.
- Given as the ratio of isometric length to the corresponding true length
7.3 Difference between Isometric view and Isometric Projection
- Isometric view: Drawn to actual scale, lines are parallel to an isometric drawing's axes, true lengths are noted.
- Isometric Projection: Drawn to an isometric scale, lines are drawn parallel to isometric axes, and the measured lengths are multiplied to 0.82 times the actual length for the drawing.
7.4 Conversion of Isometric Views to Orthographic Views
- Conversion method: How to convert isometric view to orthographic projection.
7.5 Conversion of Orthographic Views to Isometric Views
- Conversion method: How to convert orthographic view to an isometric projection.
8.1 Introduction-FreeCAD
- FreeCAD Software Introduction: FreeCAD, Open-source CAD software, is used for creating engineering designs and models.
8.2 Installation Procedure
- Step-by-step instructions: Installing FreeCAD software that includes details in different operating systems (Windows, Mac, and Linux)
8.3 FreeCAD Interface
- Interface description: Provides a general overview of FreeCAD interface including components, tabs, icons and functions in general (menus, toolbars, etc.)
8.4 Workbenches
- Description: Describes different FreeCAD Workbenches, features, operations, and how they can be used for different tasks and stages in a project
8.5 Working with FreeCAD Part Workbench
- Description: Demonstrates how to use a particular set of tools in a particular workbench, or tools related to the Part Workbench. Provides more specific details on how to use some specific tools within the FreeCAD Part Workbench
8.6 Working with FreeCAD Draft Workbench
- Description: Demonstrates how to use the tools, including how they work together.
8.7 Working with FreeCAD Sketcher Workbench
- Description: Demonstrates how to use the tools, including how they work together.
8.8 Working with FreeCAD Arch Workbenches
- Description: Explains how those tools work and how they are used, also showing the various tools and their respective operation.
8.9 Assignment-1 through Assignment-6
- Modelling/Drafting problems: Provide the specifications for creating various engineering elements.
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Description
This quiz explores concepts related to geometry and the representation of distances using scales. Topics include the R.F (Representative Fraction) of scales, properties of conic sections, and practical applications of scales in measurement. Test your understanding of these concepts through a series of problems and scenarios.
