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Questions and Answers
What is the opening in the Earth's crust from which gases and other materials are released called?
What is the opening in the Earth's crust from which gases and other materials are released called?
- Crater
- Fissure
- Pipe
- Vent (correct)
What is the depression on top of a volcano, like a bowl, that can form after a volcanic eruption?
What is the depression on top of a volcano, like a bowl, that can form after a volcanic eruption?
- Volcanic pipe
- Tectonic plate
- Crater (correct)
- Magma chamber
What is the hot, fluid rock beneath the Earth's surface that escapes as lava during a volcanic eruption?
What is the hot, fluid rock beneath the Earth's surface that escapes as lava during a volcanic eruption?
- Fissure
- Crater
- Magma chamber
- Magma (correct)
Which geological feature allows gas and magma to escape from under the Earth's crust?
Which geological feature allows gas and magma to escape from under the Earth's crust?
What forms over a magma chamber where liquified rock and gases collect before a volcanic eruption?
What forms over a magma chamber where liquified rock and gases collect before a volcanic eruption?
Which type of eruption results from a crack in the Earth's crust without the need for a volcanic pipe or vent?
Which type of eruption results from a crack in the Earth's crust without the need for a volcanic pipe or vent?
What can allow magma to escape from below the Earth's crust without needing a volcanic pipe or vent?
What can allow magma to escape from below the Earth's crust without needing a volcanic pipe or vent?
Which event leads to the formation of a vent and eventually causes an eruption by releasing gas, magma, and ash?
Which event leads to the formation of a vent and eventually causes an eruption by releasing gas, magma, and ash?
What is a volcanic mountain formed over?
What is a volcanic mountain formed over?
Which geological feature results from tectonic plates moving, sliding, and leaving gaps for magma to escape?
Which geological feature results from tectonic plates moving, sliding, and leaving gaps for magma to escape?
What property of minerals refers to the way they transmit light?
What property of minerals refers to the way they transmit light?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of euhedral crystals?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of euhedral crystals?
Which mineral is described as having a botryoidal habit?
Which mineral is described as having a botryoidal habit?
What property of minerals measures their resistance to breaking?
What property of minerals measures their resistance to breaking?
Which scale is used to rank the hardness of minerals?
Which scale is used to rank the hardness of minerals?
What is the term used for the shape and texture of the surface of broken mineral pieces?
What is the term used for the shape and texture of the surface of broken mineral pieces?
What is the basic building block of all silicate minerals?
What is the basic building block of all silicate minerals?
Which type of minerals make up about 90% of Earth's crust?
Which type of minerals make up about 90% of Earth's crust?
What is the term used to describe the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water?
What is the term used to describe the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water?
Which mineral has a specific gravity of around 22?
Which mineral has a specific gravity of around 22?
What is a caldera?
What is a caldera?
What is a lava dome?
What is a lava dome?
What is a lava plateau?
What is a lava plateau?
What is the Ring of Fire?
What is the Ring of Fire?
Which of the following is NOT a volcanic hazard mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a volcanic hazard mentioned in the text?
What is a pyroclastic flow?
What is a pyroclastic flow?
What is a pyroclastic surge?
What is a pyroclastic surge?
What is tephra?
What is tephra?
What is a lahar?
What is a lahar?
What is a tsunami?
What is a tsunami?
What property of a mineral refers to its resistance to breaking?
What property of a mineral refers to its resistance to breaking?
Which mineral exhibits a banded habit?
Which mineral exhibits a banded habit?
What does density measure in a mineral sample?
What does density measure in a mineral sample?
Which type of crystals have flat facets and sharp edges?
Which type of crystals have flat facets and sharp edges?
What is the basic building block of all silicate minerals?
What is the basic building block of all silicate minerals?
Which mineral has metallic or submetallic luster?
Which mineral has metallic or submetallic luster?
What does the Mohs Scale rank in minerals?
What does the Mohs Scale rank in minerals?
What characteristic does quartz exhibit in its crystal habit?
What characteristic does quartz exhibit in its crystal habit?
Sectile tenacity refers to a mineral's ability to:
Sectile tenacity refers to a mineral's ability to:
Which mineral is far more dense than most rock-forming minerals and has a specific gravity of 7.5?
Which mineral is far more dense than most rock-forming minerals and has a specific gravity of 7.5?
What is the primary material that escapes from a volcano during an eruption?
What is the primary material that escapes from a volcano during an eruption?
What is formed when the pressure in the volcanic pipe causes an opening in the Earth's crust?
What is formed when the pressure in the volcanic pipe causes an opening in the Earth's crust?
What type of eruption occurs when magma escapes through a crack in the Earth's crust without a volcanic pipe or vent?
What type of eruption occurs when magma escapes through a crack in the Earth's crust without a volcanic pipe or vent?
What feature can form on top of a volcano after an eruption?
What feature can form on top of a volcano after an eruption?
What geological feature allows magma to escape from below the Earth's crust?
What geological feature allows magma to escape from below the Earth's crust?
What causes the formation of a volcanic pipe?
What causes the formation of a volcanic pipe?
What feature forms over a magma chamber where liquified rock and gases collect before a volcanic eruption?
What feature forms over a magma chamber where liquified rock and gases collect before a volcanic eruption?
What geological process can lead to the formation of a gap or crack in the Earth's crust, allowing magma to escape?
What geological process can lead to the formation of a gap or crack in the Earth's crust, allowing magma to escape?
What is the term used to describe the hot, fluid rock that escapes from a volcano as lava during an eruption?
What is the term used to describe the hot, fluid rock that escapes from a volcano as lava during an eruption?
What feature is formed when tectonic plates move and leave gaps, allowing magma to escape from below the Earth's crust?
What feature is formed when tectonic plates move and leave gaps, allowing magma to escape from below the Earth's crust?
What term describes the flowing mass of volcanic debris and water that can result from a landslide mixing with enough water?
What term describes the flowing mass of volcanic debris and water that can result from a landslide mixing with enough water?
What percentage of the world's volcanoes are located along the Ring of Fire?
What percentage of the world's volcanoes are located along the Ring of Fire?
Which of the following volcanic hazards is considered the least deadly due to its relatively slow movement?
Which of the following volcanic hazards is considered the least deadly due to its relatively slow movement?
What is the primary reason that pyroclastic surges are considered deadly?
What is the primary reason that pyroclastic surges are considered deadly?
What type of volcanic landform results from thick, gelatin-like lava that does not flow easily and forms a mound of rock on top of the volcano?
What type of volcanic landform results from thick, gelatin-like lava that does not flow easily and forms a mound of rock on top of the volcano?
What is the term used to describe a series of large ocean waves caused by an abrupt disturbance, such as a landslide?
What is the term used to describe a series of large ocean waves caused by an abrupt disturbance, such as a landslide?
What type of volcanic hazard can negatively impact respiratory health in people across a wide geographic area?
What type of volcanic hazard can negatively impact respiratory health in people across a wide geographic area?
What is the term used to describe a particularly large crater resulting from the implosion of a magma chamber after a volcanic eruption?
What is the term used to describe a particularly large crater resulting from the implosion of a magma chamber after a volcanic eruption?
Which type of volcanic hazard contains a higher proportion of gas than rock, making it lower in density and capable of traveling at speeds of up to 450 miles per hour?
Which type of volcanic hazard contains a higher proportion of gas than rock, making it lower in density and capable of traveling at speeds of up to 450 miles per hour?
What type of volcanic landform is formed when thin, easily flowing lava spreads over a wider area and cools?
What type of volcanic landform is formed when thin, easily flowing lava spreads over a wider area and cools?
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Study Notes
Volcanic Features and Processes
- An opening in the Earth's crust from which gases and materials are released is called a vent.
- A caldera is a large depression resembling a bowl that forms on top of a volcano after an eruption.
- The hot, fluid rock beneath the Earth's surface that erupts as lava is known as magma.
- A magma chamber is where liquefied rock and gases accumulate before a volcanic eruption.
- Fissure eruptions occur from cracks in the Earth's crust, allowing magma to escape without a volcanic pipe or vent.
Geological Features and Events
- Tectonic plate movement can create gaps, facilitating magma's escape from below the Earth's crust.
- A volcanic mountain is formed over the accumulation of volcano-produced materials.
- Gas and magma can escape from the Earth's crust through geological features known as vents.
Mineral Properties
- Translucency is the property of minerals concerning their light transmission.
- Tenacity measures a mineral's resistance to breaking or deforming.
- The Mohs Scale ranks minerals by their hardness, with diamonds being the hardest.
- Density measures the mass of a mineral relative to the same volume of water.
Mineral Formation and Characteristics
- Euhedral crystals are characterized by well-defined crystal faces and geometric shapes.
- The basic building block of silicate minerals is the silicate tetrahedron.
- About 90% of Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals.
- Luster describes how a mineral reflects light; minerals can have metallic or submetallic lusters.
Volcanic Hazards
- Pyroclastic flows are fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter, while pyroclastic surges are similar but contain a higher gas ratio and travel faster.
- Tephra refers to fragmented volcanic material expelled during an eruption.
- A lahar is a volcanic mudflow, typically formed by a mix of volcanic debris and water.
Natural Disasters and Environmental Effects
- Tsunamis are large ocean waves caused by disturbances such as volcanic eruptions or landslides.
- Respiratory health can be negatively impacted by volcanic ash dispersing across regions.
- The Ring of Fire hosts approximately 75% of the world's volcanoes and is a significant area for seismic activity.
Types of Volcanic Landforms
- A lava dome is formed from thick, viscous lava that piles up near the vent, creating a dome shape.
- A lava plateau arises when thin, fluid lava flows spread out over a wide area, cool, and solidify.
- A caldera is created when a magma chamber implodes after an eruption, forming a large crater.
Unique Features of Minerals
- A mineral described as having a banded habit exhibits distinct layers or bands.
- Sectile tenacity indicates a mineral’s ability to be sliced into thin sheets.
- A mineral with a specific gravity of 7.5 is significantly denser than typical rock-forming minerals.
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