Geology: Volcanoes and their Formation
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Geology: Volcanoes and their Formation

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Questions and Answers

What is the opening in the Earth's crust from which gases and other materials are released called?

  • Crater
  • Fissure
  • Pipe
  • Vent (correct)

    • What is the depression on top of a volcano, like a bowl, that can form after a volcanic eruption?

  • Volcanic pipe
  • Tectonic plate
  • Crater (correct)
  • Magma chamber

    • What is the hot, fluid rock beneath the Earth's surface that escapes as lava during a volcanic eruption?

  • Fissure
  • Crater
  • Magma chamber
  • Magma (correct)

    • Which geological feature allows gas and magma to escape from under the Earth's crust?

    <p>Fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms over a magma chamber where liquified rock and gases collect before a volcanic eruption?

    <p>Vent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of eruption results from a crack in the Earth's crust without the need for a volcanic pipe or vent?

    <p>Fissure eruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can allow magma to escape from below the Earth's crust without needing a volcanic pipe or vent?

    <p>Fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event leads to the formation of a vent and eventually causes an eruption by releasing gas, magma, and ash?

    <p>Pressure in the volcanic pipe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a volcanic mountain formed over?

    <p>Magma chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological feature results from tectonic plates moving, sliding, and leaving gaps for magma to escape?

    <p>Fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of minerals refers to the way they transmit light?

    <p>Transparency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of euhedral crystals?

    <p>Irregular geometric shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is described as having a botryoidal habit?

    <p>Hematite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of minerals measures their resistance to breaking?

    <p>Tenacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale is used to rank the hardness of minerals?

    <p>Mohs scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the shape and texture of the surface of broken mineral pieces?

    <p>Fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic building block of all silicate minerals?

    <p>Silica tetrahedron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of minerals make up about 90% of Earth's crust?

    <p>Silicate minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water?

    <p>Specific gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral has a specific gravity of around 22?

    <p>Platinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a caldera?

    <p>A large crater formed by the emptying of a magma chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lava dome?

    <p>A mound of rock formed by thick, gelatin-like lava that does not flow easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lava plateau?

    <p>A volcanic landform resulting from thin, easily flowing lava that spreads over a wider area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Ring of Fire?

    <p>A horseshoe-shaped belt along the edge of the Pacific Ocean where about 75% of the world's volcanoes are located</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a volcanic hazard mentioned in the text?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pyroclastic flow?

    <p>A flow containing a higher proportion of solid debris than gases, capable of killing people with toxic gases and setting property on fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pyroclastic surge?

    <p>A flow containing a higher proportion of gas than rock, capable of traveling at speeds up to 450 miles per hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tephra?

    <p>Larger rock fragments and particles ejected from a volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lahar?

    <p>A flowing mass of volcanic debris and water that can form when a landslide mixes with enough water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tsunami?

    <p>A series of large ocean waves caused by an abrupt disturbance, such as a landslide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of a mineral refers to its resistance to breaking?

    <p>Tenacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral exhibits a banded habit?

    <p>Hematite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does density measure in a mineral sample?

    <p>Mass per unit volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crystals have flat facets and sharp edges?

    <p>Euhedral crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic building block of all silicate minerals?

    <p>Silica tetrahedron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral has metallic or submetallic luster?

    <p>Magnetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mohs Scale rank in minerals?

    <p>Hardness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does quartz exhibit in its crystal habit?

    <p><strong>Prismatic</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sectile tenacity refers to a mineral's ability to:

    <p><strong>Be cut into thin shavings</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is far more dense than most rock-forming minerals and has a specific gravity of 7.5?

    <p>Galena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material that escapes from a volcano during an eruption?

    <p>Magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when the pressure in the volcanic pipe causes an opening in the Earth's crust?

    <p>A vent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of eruption occurs when magma escapes through a crack in the Earth's crust without a volcanic pipe or vent?

    <p>Fissure eruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature can form on top of a volcano after an eruption?

    <p>A crater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature allows magma to escape from below the Earth's crust?

    <p>Fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the formation of a volcanic pipe?

    <p>Pressure buildup in the magma chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature forms over a magma chamber where liquified rock and gases collect before a volcanic eruption?

    <p>Volcanic pipe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process can lead to the formation of a gap or crack in the Earth's crust, allowing magma to escape?

    <p>Tectonic plate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the hot, fluid rock that escapes from a volcano as lava during an eruption?

    <p>Magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is formed when tectonic plates move and leave gaps, allowing magma to escape from below the Earth's crust?

    <p>Fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the flowing mass of volcanic debris and water that can result from a landslide mixing with enough water?

    <p>Lahar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's volcanoes are located along the Ring of Fire?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following volcanic hazards is considered the least deadly due to its relatively slow movement?

    <p>Lava flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that pyroclastic surges are considered deadly?

    <p>The presence of highly heated toxic gases capable of causing asphyxiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of volcanic landform results from thick, gelatin-like lava that does not flow easily and forms a mound of rock on top of the volcano?

    <p>Lava dome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a series of large ocean waves caused by an abrupt disturbance, such as a landslide?

    <p>Tsunami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of volcanic hazard can negatively impact respiratory health in people across a wide geographic area?

    <p>Tephra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a particularly large crater resulting from the implosion of a magma chamber after a volcanic eruption?

    <p>Caldera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcanic hazard contains a higher proportion of gas than rock, making it lower in density and capable of traveling at speeds of up to 450 miles per hour?

    <p>Pyroclastic surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of volcanic landform is formed when thin, easily flowing lava spreads over a wider area and cools?

    <p>Lava plateau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Volcanic Features and Processes

    • An opening in the Earth's crust from which gases and materials are released is called a vent.
    • A caldera is a large depression resembling a bowl that forms on top of a volcano after an eruption.
    • The hot, fluid rock beneath the Earth's surface that erupts as lava is known as magma.
    • A magma chamber is where liquefied rock and gases accumulate before a volcanic eruption.
    • Fissure eruptions occur from cracks in the Earth's crust, allowing magma to escape without a volcanic pipe or vent.

    Geological Features and Events

    • Tectonic plate movement can create gaps, facilitating magma's escape from below the Earth's crust.
    • A volcanic mountain is formed over the accumulation of volcano-produced materials.
    • Gas and magma can escape from the Earth's crust through geological features known as vents.

    Mineral Properties

    • Translucency is the property of minerals concerning their light transmission.
    • Tenacity measures a mineral's resistance to breaking or deforming.
    • The Mohs Scale ranks minerals by their hardness, with diamonds being the hardest.
    • Density measures the mass of a mineral relative to the same volume of water.

    Mineral Formation and Characteristics

    • Euhedral crystals are characterized by well-defined crystal faces and geometric shapes.
    • The basic building block of silicate minerals is the silicate tetrahedron.
    • About 90% of Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals.
    • Luster describes how a mineral reflects light; minerals can have metallic or submetallic lusters.

    Volcanic Hazards

    • Pyroclastic flows are fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter, while pyroclastic surges are similar but contain a higher gas ratio and travel faster.
    • Tephra refers to fragmented volcanic material expelled during an eruption.
    • A lahar is a volcanic mudflow, typically formed by a mix of volcanic debris and water.

    Natural Disasters and Environmental Effects

    • Tsunamis are large ocean waves caused by disturbances such as volcanic eruptions or landslides.
    • Respiratory health can be negatively impacted by volcanic ash dispersing across regions.
    • The Ring of Fire hosts approximately 75% of the world's volcanoes and is a significant area for seismic activity.

    Types of Volcanic Landforms

    • A lava dome is formed from thick, viscous lava that piles up near the vent, creating a dome shape.
    • A lava plateau arises when thin, fluid lava flows spread out over a wide area, cool, and solidify.
    • A caldera is created when a magma chamber implodes after an eruption, forming a large crater.

    Unique Features of Minerals

    • A mineral described as having a banded habit exhibits distinct layers or bands.
    • Sectile tenacity indicates a mineral’s ability to be sliced into thin sheets.
    • A mineral with a specific gravity of 7.5 is significantly denser than typical rock-forming minerals.

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    Description

    Learn about how volcanoes are formed, the process of volcanic eruptions, and the features of volcanic mountains. Understand how magma chambers, volcanic pipes, and other factors contribute to the formation of different types of volcanoes.

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