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Questions and Answers
_____________ is the result of tectonic plate movements.
_____________ is the result of tectonic plate movements.
Orogeny
The primary features of a mountain include the top or ___________, slope or side, and a very steep valley between young mountains.
The primary features of a mountain include the top or ___________, slope or side, and a very steep valley between young mountains.
summit
Geomorphology includes the scientific study of ___________.
Geomorphology includes the scientific study of ___________.
mountains
During orogenesis, the continental plate ___________ and pushes upwards, resulting in a landmass called a mountain.
During orogenesis, the continental plate ___________ and pushes upwards, resulting in a landmass called a mountain.
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In Stage 1 of mountain formation, accumulated layers of sediments can be hundreds of kilometers thick and come from nearby ___________.
In Stage 1 of mountain formation, accumulated layers of sediments can be hundreds of kilometers thick and come from nearby ___________.
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The particles released from rocks and sediments are then transported to the edge of the continental crust by ___________ and erosion.
The particles released from rocks and sediments are then transported to the edge of the continental crust by ___________ and erosion.
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The accumulated sediments are deformed by compressional forces caused by ______ plate collision.
The accumulated sediments are deformed by compressional forces caused by ______ plate collision.
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The ______ rebound is exhibited when the crust bends the lithosphere into the asthenosphere causing the lower layer to flow out of the way.
The ______ rebound is exhibited when the crust bends the lithosphere into the asthenosphere causing the lower layer to flow out of the way.
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The final stage of orogenesis is the period of ______ uplift caused by isostatic rebound and block faulting.
The final stage of orogenesis is the period of ______ uplift caused by isostatic rebound and block faulting.
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The Pacific Ring of Fire is a horse-shoe shaped region in the Pacific Ocean basin that is characterized by a large number of ______ and volcanic eruptions.
The Pacific Ring of Fire is a horse-shoe shaped region in the Pacific Ocean basin that is characterized by a large number of ______ and volcanic eruptions.
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The Appalachian, Himalayas, and the Urals are formed through ______-Continental type of mountain building.
The Appalachian, Himalayas, and the Urals are formed through ______-Continental type of mountain building.
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The ______ Belt is a mountain range that is being created by the ongoing collision of plate tectonics between the northward moving African, Arabian and Indian plates and the Eurasian plates.
The ______ Belt is a mountain range that is being created by the ongoing collision of plate tectonics between the northward moving African, Arabian and Indian plates and the Eurasian plates.
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Study Notes
Orogeny and Orogenesis
- Orogeny results from tectonic plate movements, leading to the formation of mountains.
- Orogens or orogenic belts consist of deformed rocks created by continental plate crumpling and pushing upward.
- Orogenesis describes mountain formation through internal geologic processes over time, often initiated by geothermal heat from radioactive decay.
Mountain Definition and Features
- A mountain has significant elevation compared to surrounding areas and can be formed through tectonic forces or volcanism.
- Characterized by steep slopes and distinct ridges or peaks, mountains include features like the summit, slopes, and gorges between young mountains.
Geomorphology
- The scientific study of mountains and their formation processes falls under geomorphology.
Stages of Mountain Formation
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Stage 1: Accumulation of Sediments
- Igneous rocks and sediments build mountain belts, with layers thickening over time.
- Weathering and erosion transport particles to the continental crust's edge, leading to lithification into limestones, sandstones, and shales.
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Stage 2: Orogenic Period
- Accumulated sediments undergo deformation due to compressional forces from tectonic plate collisions.
- Three types of tectonic convergence:
- Arc-Continental: Island arcs collide with continental edges.
- Oceanic-Continental: Ocean and continental plates collide, allowing for sedimentary accretion.
- Continental-Continental: Continental plates collide after ocean basin closure, forming ranges like the Appalachians and Himalayas.
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Stage 3: Crustal Uplift
- Final orogenic stage involves crustal uplift from isostatic rebound and block faulting mechanisms.
- Isostatic rebound occurs as the crust sinks and adjusts, floating higher into the mantle as materials erode away.
- Block faulting results from tensional forces breaking the crust into blocks that move vertically, creating normal and graben faults.
Mountain Ranges
- Mountain Range: A series of closely spaced mountains covering a specific Earth portion, typically featuring valleys and river channels.
- Commonly found in the Pacific Ring of Fire and Alpide Belt, mountain ranges have elevated altitudes and abundant water sources.
Pacific Ring of Fire and Alpide Belt
- Pacific Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped region known for high seismic activity and volcanic eruptions.
- The Alpide Belt is formed by the collision of African, Arabian, and Indian plates with the Eurasian plate.
Mountain Belts
- Mountain belts consist of multiple mountain ranges running in parallel formations across regions.
The Himalayas
- The Himalayas are recognized as the highest and youngest mountain range in the world.
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Description
Learn about the process of orogeny, the formation of orogenic belts, and the geologic processes that shape mountains. Understand how tectonic plate movements and internal processes contribute to the creation of mountains.
