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Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes quartzite from marble?
Which of the following minerals is classified as a metallic mineral?
How is coal formed according to geological processes?
What are some primary uses of petroleum?
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Which statement about minerals is true?
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Which type of rock is primarily formed from the accumulation of sediments?
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What transforms sedimentary or igneous rocks into metamorphic rocks?
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Which of these is NOT considered a major mineral found in granite?
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What term is used to describe the preserved remains or traces of ancient plants and animals found in rocks?
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Which of the following is a product derived from petroleum that is commonly used to create candles?
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Study Notes
Marble
- Widely used metamorphic rock
- Found in various colours, white being the most common
- Polished marble gleams, used for statues and buildings
Quartzite
- Formed from sandstone
- Too hard to be used as a building stone
- Used for making statues
Minerals
- Natural underground resources
-
Metallic Minerals:
- Ores like haematite, bauxite, pyrite, and calamine
- Used to obtain iron, aluminium, copper, and zinc
- Used for utensils, machines, furniture, wires, coins, trains, and airplanes
- Precious metals like gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery
-
Non-metallic Minerals:
- Includes coal and petroleum
- Valuable underground resources, contributing to energy supply
Coal
- Valuable mineral stored in Earth
- Used as fuel for hundreds of years
- Asia holds over one-third of the world's coal reserves
- Formed from ancient swampy forests over millions of years
- Plants died and decayed in swamps
- New vegetation pressed dead plants down
- Extreme pressure transformed vegetable matter into peat, lignite, and coal
- Coal mines found in India:
- Sohagpur (Madhya Pradesh), Dhanbad (Jharkhand), Raniganj (West Bengal), Neyveli (Tamil Nadu), and Singareni (Telangana)
- Used as fuel:
- Cooking
- Heating homes and buildings
- Electricity production in power plants
- Steam engines
- Blast furnaces in the steel industry
Petroleum
- Also known as crude oil, rock oil, fossil fuel, and liquid sunlight
- Formed from dead remains of ancient land and sea creatures over millions of years
- Found in India:
- Ankleshwar in Gujarat, Digboi in Assam, and Bombay High on the Mumbai coast
- Used as fuel in various forms
- Also used:
- Dry-cleaning
- Making lubricating oil, printing ink, and medicines
- Paraffin wax used for making candles, waterproof cartons, and polish
Conserve Natural Resources
- “The earth has enough for everybody’s need but not enough for everybody’s greed,” Mahatma Gandhi
- Saving fuel at home by keeping stoves and machines in good condition
- Using coal and oil carefully
- Using inexhaustible sources of energy like the sun, wind, and water
- Avoiding careless use and wastage of mineral deposits
- Maintaining balance between animals and plants for their survival
Let us answer
A
- 1. The base of plains, mountains, and ocean beds is igneous rocks
- 2. This is not a main mineral of granite: calcite
- 3. The traces of ancient plants and animals found in rocks are called fossils
- 4. This is formed from trees and other plants which died millions of years ago: coal
- 5. Which of the following is obtained from petroleum and is used for making candles and waterproof cartons: paraffin wax
B
- 1. Precious metals like gold and silver are used for making utensils (False)
- 2. Asia has more than one-third of the world's coal (True)
- 3. Fossil fuel and black gold are some other names of coal (False)
Rocks and Minerals
- Rocks are made of minerals
- Minerals are natural non-living substances. A rock may contain one or more minerals
- Rocks are divided into three types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Kinds of Rocks
Igneous Rocks
- Form the base of plains, mountains, and ocean beds
- Formed by the cooling and hardening of magma, hot liquid rock material found in underground pockets
- Magma pushed upward by pressure of other rocks
- Cools and hardens below or on the surface of the Earth, forming igneous rocks
- Magma that reaches the surface is called lava
- Type of igneous rock depends on mineral content and size of mineral particles
Granite
- Most common igneous rock on Earth's surface
- Main minerals: quartz, feldspar, and mica
- Colour (grey or pink) depends on feldspar content
- Used for buildings, statues, and streets
Pumice
- Light-coloured igneous rock
- Contains many holes and pockets formed by trapped gases during formation
- Light grey or cream-coloured
- Used as powdered pumice by dentists for polishing teeth
Obsidian
- Lava rock, resembling black glass
- Sharp edges used to make cutting tools
Sedimentary Rocks
- Cover a major portion of Earth's land surface
- Formed by the accumulation and cementation of sediments, small particles of rocks, minerals, or organic matter
- Sediments transported by water, wind, or ice, deposited in layers
- Over time, layers are compressed and cemented together under pressure, forming sedimentary rocks
Sandstone
- Formed from sand grains cemented together
- Common sedimentary rock
- Used for building stone and construction
Limestone
- Formed from calcium carbonate, shells, and skeletons of marine creatures
- Used for building stone, cement, and making lime
Shale
- Formed from fine-grained clay particles
- Easily broken and layered
- Used in making bricks and tiles
Metamorphic Rocks
- Formed when existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) are transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions
- During transformation, texture, structure, and mineral composition of the rock change
Marble
- Formed from limestone under heat and pressure
- Widely used metamorphic rock
- Found in various colours, white being the most common
- Polished marble gleams, used for statues and buildings
Slate
- Formed from shale under heat and pressure
- Easily split into thin sheets
- Used for roofing, flooring, and blackboards
Quartzite
- Formed from sandstone under heat and pressure
- Very hard and durable
- Used for making statues, paving stones, and building stone
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of minerals and rocks in this quiz. From metamorphic marble to the formation of coal, test your knowledge on their properties, uses, and occurrences. Understand the significance of both metallic and non-metallic minerals in our daily lives.
