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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of contact metamorphism?
Which type of metamorphism occurs due to pressure building up deep within the Earth?
Which of the following is a characteristic of foliated metamorphic rocks?
What is the primary mineral composition of marble?
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Which of the following rocks is classified as non-foliated?
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Which property of a mineral describes its resistance to scratching?
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What does the term 'streak' refer to when identifying minerals?
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In mineralogy, 'cleavage' refers to a mineral's ability to:
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What is the term for the shape in which a mineral grows, reflecting its internal structure?
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Which of the following mineral groups is primarily composed of a metal joined by sulfur?
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What does the specific gravity of a mineral measure?
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Which of the following mineral groups is characterized by the presence of chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine?
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The melting point of a mineral refers to:
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What is the general composition of pyroxene minerals?
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Which characteristic is NOT a physical property used for mineral identification?
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What does high specific gravity indicate about a mineral?
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Which of the following statements is false regarding minerals?
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In what way do intrusive igneous rocks differ from extrusive igneous rocks?
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What would you expect the temperature of magma to be?
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Which of the following elements is NOT typically associated with felsic rocks?
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What defines a rock in geological terms?
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Which mineral is classified under the oxides and hydroxides group?
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What is the chemical structure of quartz?
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Which type of minerals are characterized by being brightly colored and brittle?
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Which of the following methods involves dissolving a mineral in acid for analysis?
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What does the chemical structure XAlSi3O8 represent?
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Mica is primarily characterized by its:
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Which mineral group includes apatite?
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What mineral under the silicates group is known for its glass-like quality?
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Which type of igneous rock is formed from rapid cooling of molten rock material?
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What is the primary characteristic of sedimentary rocks compared to igneous rocks?
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Which sedimentary rock is primarily composed of calcium carbonate?
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What type of metamorphic process occurs under extreme temperature and pressure?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of sedimentary rock?
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Which characteristic best defines the formation of coal?
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How are sediments arranged in sedimentary rocks?
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What distinguishes intrusive igneous rocks from extrusive igneous rocks?
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Study Notes
Rock-Forming Minerals
- Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and ordered crystal structure.
- Common physical properties for mineral identification include color, streak, luster, crystal habit, cleavage, fracture, hardness, and specific gravity.
- Chemical properties of minerals include solubility and melting point.
Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
- Elements: Composed of one element (e.g., copper, gold, silver).
- Sulfides: Contain a metal combined with sulfur (e.g., cinnabar, pyrite).
- Halides: Nonmetals with chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine (e.g., fluorite, halite).
- Oxides and Hydroxides: Composed of metals joined with oxygen, water, or hydroxyl (e.g., cuprite, hematite).
- Nitrates, Carbonates, Borates: Composed of metals combined with carbon, nitrogen, or boron (e.g., malachite, borax).
- Sulfates: Contain one or more metals with a sulfate compound (e.g., anhydrite).
- Chromates, Molybdates, Tungstates: Formulas often involve bright colors and brittleness (e.g., wulfenite).
- Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates: Contain phosphates or similar groups (e.g., apatite).
- Silicates: Largest mineral group, have varying amounts of silicon and oxygen (e.g., dioptase, labradorite).
Analysis of Minerals
- Wet chemical analysis involves dissolving the mineral in acid for further study.
- Spectroscopic techniques analyze mineral composition based on light absorbance.
Types of Rocks
- Rocks are naturally occurring solid mixtures of minerals or organic matter.
- Classified by formation, composition, and texture, and undergo change through the rock cycle.
Igneous Rocks
- Formed from cooled magma, magma originates from heat, pressure, or compositional changes.
- Cooling temperature ranges from 700 °C to 1,250 °C.
- Felsic: Light-colored, rich in aluminum and silicon.
- Mafic: Dark-colored, rich in iron and magnesium.
- Intrusive Igneous Rocks: Coarse grain due to slow cooling (e.g., granite).
- Extrusive Igneous Rocks: Fine grain due to rapid cooling (e.g., basalt, obsidian).
Sedimentary Rocks
- Formed from weathering and erosion; sediments layer over time and become compacted and cemented.
- Classified into clastic (fragmented rock), chemical (minerals crystallizing from solution), and organic (remains of living organisms).
- Example: Limestone formed primarily from calcium carbonate.
Metamorphic Rocks
- Formed by changes in existing rocks under temperature and pressure without melting.
- Contact Metamorphism: Changes due to nearby magma heating.
- Regional Metamorphism: Changes due to intense pressure from tectonic activity.
- Foliated: Bands of aligned minerals (e.g., gneiss).
- Non-Foliated: No banding present (e.g., marble).
The Rock Cycle
- Illustrates how rocks transform from one type to another over geological time.
Mining Debate
- Focuses on the pros and cons of mining practices and their impact on the environment.
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Description
This quiz focuses on identifying common rock-forming minerals and understanding their physical and chemical properties. By the end of the lesson, you will be able to recognize important minerals and learn about their significance to society.
