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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of the reorganization of atoms in minerals during the formation of metamorphic rocks?
What is the primary cause of the reorganization of atoms in minerals during the formation of metamorphic rocks?
- Heat (correct)
- Chemical reactions
- Water content
- Pressure
Which of the following factors is NOT involved in the metamorphism of rocks?
Which of the following factors is NOT involved in the metamorphism of rocks?
- Time
- Chemical alteration
- Weathering (correct)
- Pressure
What are the two main textures observed in metamorphic rocks?
What are the two main textures observed in metamorphic rocks?
- Coarse and fine
- Crystalline and amorphous
- Foliated and non-foliated (correct)
- Layered and non-layered
Which type of fluids primarily contribute to chemical reactions during the metamorphism of rocks?
Which type of fluids primarily contribute to chemical reactions during the metamorphism of rocks?
Which statement about the hardness of metamorphic rocks is correct?
Which statement about the hardness of metamorphic rocks is correct?
How does the duration of exposure to heat and pressure affect the metamorphic transformation?
How does the duration of exposure to heat and pressure affect the metamorphic transformation?
What determines the mineral composition of metamorphic rocks?
What determines the mineral composition of metamorphic rocks?
What role does pressure play in the metamorphic process?
What role does pressure play in the metamorphic process?
Which process leads to the concentration of heavier minerals such as gold and platinum?
Which process leads to the concentration of heavier minerals such as gold and platinum?
What type of igneous rock forms as lava cools on the Earth's surface?
What type of igneous rock forms as lava cools on the Earth's surface?
What characterizes plutonic (or intrusive) igneous rocks?
What characterizes plutonic (or intrusive) igneous rocks?
Which of the following is NOT a process involved in the formation of igneous rocks?
Which of the following is NOT a process involved in the formation of igneous rocks?
How does slow cooling affect the crystal structure of igneous rocks?
How does slow cooling affect the crystal structure of igneous rocks?
What happens to lighter particles during the mechanical concentration of minerals?
What happens to lighter particles during the mechanical concentration of minerals?
Which of the following is an example of a plutonic igneous rock?
Which of the following is an example of a plutonic igneous rock?
What is the primary origin of igneous rocks?
What is the primary origin of igneous rocks?
What is the primary process involved in the formation of igneous rocks?
What is the primary process involved in the formation of igneous rocks?
Which method is NOT associated with the formation of metamorphic rocks?
Which method is NOT associated with the formation of metamorphic rocks?
What distinguishes metamorphic rocks from igneous rocks?
What distinguishes metamorphic rocks from igneous rocks?
Which of the following conditions does NOT typically lead to the formation of metamorphic rocks?
Which of the following conditions does NOT typically lead to the formation of metamorphic rocks?
Which statement accurately describes both igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Which statement accurately describes both igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Which types of rocks are primarily found in the earth's crust?
Which types of rocks are primarily found in the earth's crust?
What is the primary component of rocks?
What is the primary component of rocks?
Which characteristic would NOT typically be used to classify rock samples?
Which characteristic would NOT typically be used to classify rock samples?
Which rock types are considered igneous?
Which rock types are considered igneous?
What grouping method might be used to classify rock samples?
What grouping method might be used to classify rock samples?
Which of these is NOT a type of rock mentioned in the content?
Which of these is NOT a type of rock mentioned in the content?
What is the main function of rocks in the earth's crust?
What is the main function of rocks in the earth's crust?
When classifying rocks, which feature would likely be considered?
When classifying rocks, which feature would likely be considered?
What is a mineral deposit?
What is a mineral deposit?
What characterizes an ore deposit from a mineral deposit?
What characterizes an ore deposit from a mineral deposit?
Which type of ore deposit is formed from elements once dispersed in magma?
Which type of ore deposit is formed from elements once dispersed in magma?
What is typically needed for a mineral deposit to be considered economically viable?
What is typically needed for a mineral deposit to be considered economically viable?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ore deposit?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ore deposit?
The extraction of which type of mineral resources often involves open-pit mining?
The extraction of which type of mineral resources often involves open-pit mining?
What does the term 'mineral occurrence' refer to?
What does the term 'mineral occurrence' refer to?
Which factor is critical in determining whether a mineral deposit is mined?
Which factor is critical in determining whether a mineral deposit is mined?
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Study Notes
Placers
- Are made up of minerals that have been separated from rocks by weathering and then concentrated by gravity
- Heavier minerals like gold, platinum, diamonds, and tin are mechanically concentrated by water currents
- Lighter particles are carried away by water currents
Igneous Rocks
- Formed from the cooling of molten material such as magma, lava, and pyroclastics
- The development of Igneous rocks creates uplift exposing them to weathering and erosion
- Igneous rocks are classified into two groups
- Volcanic (Extrusive) Igneous Rocks - form on Earth's surface as lava cools
- Plutonic (or Intrusive) Igneous Rocks - form deep underground where magma cools slowly creating coarse crystalline texture
Formation of Igneous Rocks
- Slow cooling of magma creates large crystals that are visible to the naked eye
- Examples: granite, diorite, syenite
- Rapid cooling of magma creates minimal mineral crystals that are not visible to the naked eye
- Examples: chalk, coal, diatomite, some dolomites, and some limestones
Metamorphic Rocks
- Rocks that have been changed in form due to heat, pressure, and chemical alteration.
- Metamorphism: pressure and temperature dictate a rock’s new properties
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
- Heat: energy reorganizes atoms in minerals leading to the formation of new minerals
- Pressure: causes deformation and reorientation of minerals
- Chemically Active Fluids: fluids particularly water with dissolved ions cause chemical reactions altering rock composition
- Time: the longer a rock is exposed to heat and pressure, the more pronounced the metamorphic transformation
Properties of Metamorphic Rocks
- Texture: Can be foliated (layered) or non-foliated
- Hardness: Generally harder than their parent rock
- Mineral Composition: Varies depending on the parent rock and the conditions of metamorphism
The Earth’s Crust
- Composed of rocks that are primarily composed of minerals but may also contain organic materials
- The granite and basalt rocks of the continental and oceanic crusts were the original, igneous rocks
Rock Cycle
- Igneous Rocks: form due to the cooling and crystallization of magma
- Sedimentary Rocks: form from the accumulation and cementation of sediments
- Metamorphic Rocks: rocks are recrystallized due to heat, pressure, and chemical alteration
Mineral Deposits and Their Formation
- Mineral Occurrence: concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or technological importance
- Mineral Deposit: a mineral occurrence large enough in size and grade to enable extraction under favorable conditions
- Ore Deposit: a mineral deposit that has undergone testing and has been determined to be economically viable for mining
Mineral Resources and Their Origin
- Magmatic Ore Deposits: elements once dispersed in magma accumulate and enrich, forming ore minerals
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