Geology Exam 2 Flashcards
90 Questions
100 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is crystallization?

The cooling of magma which results in the systematic arrangement of ions into orderly patterns.

What is the rate of cooling and the environment of formation for an extrusive igneous rock?

  • Slow
  • Could be fast or slow
  • Fast (correct)

    • ________ describes the range in particle sizes in a detrital sedimentary rock.

    Sorting

    Which process will remove CO2 from the atmosphere and sequester it?

    <p>Deposition of carbonate sediments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are no sediments on the deep seafloor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diagenesis?

    <p>The textural, compositional, and other changes that occur to sediments after deposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    These large crystals in metamorphic rocks are called ________.

    <p>Porphyroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an environment of metamorphism?

    <p>Deposition of sediments near a river</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which style of metamorphism will be generated by a magma pluton?

    <p>Contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ metamorphism tends to occur in regions where massive amounts of sedimentary or volcanic materials accumulate.

    <p>Burial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which geologic setting is the most widespread occurrence of hydrothermal metamorphism found?

    <p>Along the axis of a mid-ocean ridge system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tectonic boundary is associated with regional metamorphism?

    <p>Convergent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ metamorphism will occur where two blocks of rock are grinding against each other.

    <p>Fault zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average increase in temperature along the geothermal gradient in the upper crust?

    <p>25°C per km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metamorphism ends when the rock begins to melt.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ refers to a mineral's intensity and quality of reflected light.

    <p>Luster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between minerals and rocks?

    <p>Minerals are composed of atoms bonded together in a symmetric arrangement, whereas rocks are generally composed of aggregates of minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mineral identification techniques would most easily identify calcite?

    <p>Effervescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following minerals is most common in crustal rocks?

    <p>Feldspar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common element in the continental crust?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ________ is a solid, naturally occurring, cohesive substance composed of minerals or mineral-like materials.

    <p>Rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not part of the definition of a mineral?

    <p>Organic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graphite is a good lubricant because:

    <p>It has weak bonds in one direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of a mineral?

    <p>Contains silicon and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are attempting to identify a mineral. You determine that it does indeed have cleavage; therefore, your mineral cannot possibly be __________.

    <p>Quartz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two groups of feldspar minerals called?

    <p>Potassium feldspar and plagioclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a rock composed of non-mineral matter?

    <p>Coal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The advantage of bronze over copper is:

    <p>Bronze is harder than copper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is NOT true?

    <p>All minerals have cleavage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the three primary ways minerals can form?

    <p>Hybridization of chemically saturated fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the hardest known natural substance?

    <p>Diamond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ferromagnesian minerals are those that contain a great deal of ________.

    <p>magnesium and iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the tenacity of a mineral.

    <p>Resistance to breaking or deforming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is the least reliable when identifying a mineral?

    <p>Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is the study of mineral materials.

    <p>Mineralogy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two minerals define a felsic composition for an igneous rock?

    <p>Quartz and potassium feldspar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a volatile referred to in geology?

    <p>Gases dissolved in a magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What creates the small holes found in a vesicular texture?

    <p>Volatiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is a felsic igneous rock with a meringue-like vesicular texture, consisting of very small holes, created by small shards of volcanic glass.

    <p>Pumice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Welded tuff consists of ash surrounding large, jagged, irregularly-shaped pieces of material. What is this material and where does it come from?

    <p>Rock fragments that erupted from the volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temperatures will decrease with increasing depth into the Earth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is molten rock that is below the Earth's surface and retains most of its volcanic gases.

    <p>Magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the igneous composition to its silica content.

    <p>60% = Intermediate 50% = Mafic 70% = Felsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silica increases the viscosity and decreases magma temperature (which will also increase the viscosity).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the choice below that best describes the role of volatiles in an ascending magma.

    <p>Volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, then melt upward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe increased temperature with depth in the Earth?

    <p>Geothermal gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Magma is molten rock below the surface that retains its volatiles. Lava is molten rock that has reached the surface and is losing or has lost its volatiles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which igneous texture has visible crystals that are a few millimeters across?

    <p>Phaneritic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the intrusive igneous textures?

    <p>Pegmatitic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following minerals is not a ferromagnesian mineral?

    <p>Potassium feldspar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Of the following substances, which are the common elements in igneous rocks?

    <p>Si, O, Al, K, Ca, Fe, Mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Igneous rocks with an andesitic composition are found along volcanic island arcs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is not a volatile found in magma?

    <p>O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the intrusive igneous rock with its extrusive equivalent.

    <p>Granite = Rhyolite Diorite = Andesite Gabbro = Basalt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods of transportation will result in the best degree of sorting, with all the particles being roughly the same size?

    <p>Wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately 75 percent of the planet's landmasses are covered by sedimentary and sedimentary rocks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ describes the range in particle sizes in a detrital sedimentary rock.

    <p>Sorting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following makes up the sediment that forms an organic sedimentary rock?

    <p>Plant and animal remains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ are fragments of preexisting materials that have been broken down through the processes of weathering.

    <p>Sediments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the appearance and composition of a conglomerate?

    <p>Rounded fragments; poorly sorted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of inorganic limestone?

    <p>Travertine and crystalline limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common sedimentary rock?

    <p>Shale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ processes, such as evaporation or precipitation, can precipitate chemical sediments.

    <p>Inorganic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Folding, deformation, and metamorphism of organic material will produce ________ coal.

    <p>anthracite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified according to grain size, whereas chemical sedimentary rocks are classified based on their dominant minerals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which minerals are the main constituents in most sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Quartz and feldspars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rock type can contain fossils?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shales are well cemented because of the high number of pore spaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary basis for classifying detrital rocks is ________, whereas the primary basis for classifying chemical rocks is ________.

    <p>Particle size; mineral composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ metamorphism will occur where two blocks of rock are grinding against each other.

    <p>Fault zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is the process by which new mineral grains larger than the original mineral grains form as a result of metamorphic heat.

    <p>Recrystallization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metamorphism ends when the rock begins to melt.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Generally speaking, how does the chemical composition of most metamorphic rocks compare to that of the parent rock?

    <p>Their chemical composition will be nearly the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ can produce intricately folded rocks.

    <p>Differential stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lists of metamorphic rocks places the rocks in order from lowest metamorphic grade to highest?

    <p>Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an example of foliation?

    <p>Recrystallization of spherical minerals to create layers parallel to the direction of greatest stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important factor driving metamorphism?

    <p>Heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of temperature conditions will exist in a burial metamorphism environment?

    <p>Low temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is foliation?

    <p>Roughly parallel layers of mineral crystals aligned perpendicular to the direction of pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following environments would most likely produce metamorphism in fault zones?

    <p>Great depth and high temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sedimentary rocks are always the parent rocks for metamorphic rocks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mineral name for table salt?

    <p>Halite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conchoidal fractures are indicative of the mineral ________.

    <p>Quartz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true?

    <p>A rock can be composed of almost entirely one mineral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crystallization of molten rock will produce ________ rocks.

    <p>Igneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kind of mineral tenacity refers to a mineral being deformed by being hammered without breaking?

    <p>Malleable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ are the mineral class that accounts for more than 90 percent of the Earth's crust.

    <p>Silicates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What three components make up most magmas?

    <p>Lava, ash, and gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When magma forms, it rises up through the crust. Why does magma rise?

    <p>It is less dense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is correct about crystallization of magma?

    <p>Crystallization is the cooling of magma which results in the systematic arrangement of ions into orderly patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mineral Identification and Properties

    • Luster is a mineral's intensity and quality of reflected light.
    • Calcite is easily identified through effervescence when reacting with acid.
    • Feldspar is the most common mineral in crustal rocks.

    Rocks and Minerals

    • Minerals consist of atoms bonded in a symmetric arrangement; rocks are aggregates of minerals.
    • A rock is a solid, naturally occurring cohesive substance made from minerals or mineral-like materials.
    • Not all minerals are organic; specific characteristics must be met for classification.

    Element Composition and Rock Types

    • Oxygen is the most common element in the continental crust.
    • Organic sedimentary rocks are predominantly composed of plant and animal remains, while coal is a non-mineral rock type.
    • Common elements in igneous rocks include silicon, oxygen, aluminum, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium.

    Magma and Volcanoes

    • Magma retains volatiles, while lava has lost them upon surfacing.
    • Volatiles in magma expand as pressure decreases, facilitating magma ascent.
    • The geothermal gradient describes the increase in temperature with depth.

    Texture and Composition in Rocks

    • Phaneritic texture refers to igneous rocks with visible crystals, while pegmatitic textures indicate larger crystals.
    • Sorting describes the range of particle sizes in detrital sedimentary rocks; conglomerates are poorly sorted with rounded fragments.
    • Quartz displays conchoidal fractures, indicating its crystalline structure.

    Metamorphism

    • Heat is a key factor in driving metamorphism, which can produce foliation in rocks.
    • Burial metamorphism occurs at low temperature conditions, while fault zone metamorphism involves significant stress and pressure.
    • Metamorphic rocks typically retain a chemical composition similar to their parent rock, though changes can occur during the process.

    Mineral Classes and Composition

    • Silicates constitute more than 90% of the Earth's crust, demonstrating their prevalence.
    • Crystallization involves the systematic arrangement of magma ions into solid structures.
    • Foliation results in roughly parallel layers of mineral crystals aligned perpendicularly to applied pressure.

    Environmental Impact and Rock Formation

    • Organic processes can lead to the formation of chemical sediments through evaporation or precipitation.
    • Diagenesis refers to changes in sediments after deposition, which may affect composition and texture.
    • Sedimentary rocks are vital for fossil preservation due to their formation conditions.### Metamorphism Types and Processes
    • Contact Metamorphism: Occurs due to proximity to a hot magma body, with temperature being the primary factor.
    • Burial Metamorphism: Involves the accumulation of sedimentary or volcanic materials, pushing older rocks deeper into the crust.
    • Hydrothermal Metamorphism: Most common at mid-ocean ridge systems, where hot fluids circulate and alter rock.
    • Regional Metamorphism: Associated with convergent tectonic boundaries, where rocks experience high pressures and temperatures.
    • Fault Zone Metamorphism: Happens when two blocks of rock grind against each other, causing deformation and heat.

    Geothermal Gradient

    • Temperature Increase: Average geothermal gradient in the upper crust is approximately 25°C per km, reflecting how temperature rises with depth.

    Key Concepts

    • Metamorphism Termination: Occurs when rock temperatures reach the melting point, marking the transition from metamorphic to igneous processes.
    • Sediment Deposition: Key factor in geological processes, notably near riverbanks, leading to sedimentary rock formation.

    Geological Settings

    • Hydrothermal Activity: Commonly found along mid-ocean ridges, indicating significant geological activity and interactions between crust and mantle.
    • Pressure Zones: High pressure in subduction zones contributes to regional metamorphism, impacting surrounding rock structures.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Geology Exam 2. This quiz focuses on key definitions and concepts like luster and the differences between minerals and rocks. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding before the exam.

    More Like This

    Geology Quiz on Minerals and Rocks
    12 questions

    Geology Quiz on Minerals and Rocks

    WellBacklitJasmine avatar
    WellBacklitJasmine
    Geology: Minerals and Rocks Quiz
    21 questions

    Geology: Minerals and Rocks Quiz

    PrettyAnaphora avatar
    PrettyAnaphora
    Geology: Minerals and Rocks
    11 questions

    Geology: Minerals and Rocks

    PoeticSetting avatar
    PoeticSetting
    Geology Quiz: Minerals and Rocks
    15 questions

    Geology Quiz: Minerals and Rocks

    SelfSatisfactionPine avatar
    SelfSatisfactionPine
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser