Geology Chapter: Folding and Orogeny
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Questions and Answers

What occurs during the process of compression at convergent plate boundaries?

  • Land is folded upwards (correct)
  • Oceanic plates sink
  • Land is pushed downwards
  • Rocks are broken apart

    • A fault refers to a bend or curve in the rocks of the Earth’s crust.

    False

    What term refers to mountain building processes due to tectonic movements?

    Orogeny

    An ________ is an upfold in rock layers.

    <p>Anticline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Fold = A bend or curve in the rocks of the Earth's crust Fault = A crack or fracture in the Earth’s crust Compression = Forces land upwards during plate collision Orogeny = Mountain building processes due to tectonic movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a syncline?

    <p>A downfold in rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Folding occurs due to the relaxation of pressure in the Earth’s crust.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sides of a fold called?

    <p>Limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fault occurs when one side of the fault slips down due to tension from plates pulling apart?

    <p>Normal Fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A block mountain or horst is formed when land between fault lines is compressed upwards.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name an example of a reverse fault.

    <p>Pollatomish, Co. Mayo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Fault is an example of a transform fault that exhibits horizontal movement.

    <p>San Andreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each fault type with its description:

    <p>Normal Fault = Vertical movement due to tension Reverse Fault = Compression pushes land upwards Thrust Fault = A less prominent reverse fault Tear Fault = Horizontal movement between plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geographical feature is formed due to the subsidence of land in a rift valley?

    <p>Graben</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The African Rift Valley stretches from the ______ to northern Mozambique in Eastern Africa.

    <p>Red Sea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The African Rift Valley was formed 10 million years ago.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process primarily caused the formation of the Munster Ridge and Valley?

    <p>Folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Irish landscape has been significantly influenced by Alpine folding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock was formed in Ireland around 350 million years ago when it was beneath a warm, shallow sea?

    <p>Limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collision of the African and Eurasian plates caused the land to __________ upwards.

    <p>buckle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following physical features with their descriptions:

    <p>Anticlines = Upward folds in sedimentary rock layers Synclines = Downward folds in sedimentary rock layers MacGillycuddy Reeks = A mountain range in Ireland Clew Bay = An example of a normal fault location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drainage pattern is produced as rivers navigate through the synclines of the Munster Ridge and Valley?

    <p>Trellised drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the main types of faults that occur in the Earth's crust.

    <p>Normal fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sedimentary rock primarily consists of layers laid down in strata.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fold is characterized by a fold where one limb is significantly shorter than the other?

    <p>Asymmetrical Fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Alpine Orogeny affected the landscape in Ireland.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological period is associated with the formation of the Wicklow Mountains?

    <p>Caledonian Orogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______________ Orogeny happened approximately 250 million years ago and resulted in the Munster Ridge and Valley.

    <p>Armorican</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mountain ranges with their respective orogeny:

    <p>Wicklow Mountains = Caledonian Orogeny Alps = Alpine Orogeny Munster Ridge and Valley = Armorican Orogeny Appalachian Mountains = Caledonian Orogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fold is characterized by overlapping layers due to extreme pressure?

    <p>Overthrust Fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one effect of weathering and erosion on the Caledonian Mountains.

    <p>Reduction in height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All mountain ranges formed during the Caledonian Orogeny are still as high as they once were.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Folding

    • Folding is a bend or curve in the Earth's crustal rocks.
    • It occurs when two continental plates collide, forcing land upwards.
    • Compression is the process that leads to folding.
    • Orogeny describes mountain-building processes.
    • Tectonic movements cause plates to buckle, forming fold mountains.

    Types of Folding

    • Simple Fold: Two limbs of equal steepness. Compression is applied evenly on both sides.
    • Asymmetrical Fold: One limb is steeper than the other, due to unequal compression on either side.
    • Overfold: One limb is significantly pushed over the other limb, as compression continues.
    • Recumbent Fold: Folds lie almost horizontally on each other.
    • Overthrust Fold: One limb eventually lies on top of the other limb. The compression force is very strong to cause this to happen.

    Periods of Orogeny

    • Caledonian Orogeny: 400 million years ago, including the Wicklow Mountains, Scottish Highlands, and Appalachian Mountains. This occured when the North American and Eurasian plates collided..
    • Armorican Orogeny: 250 million years ago, including the Munster Ridge & Valley. This period occurred when the African and Eurasian plates collided, creating anticlines and synclines.
    • Alpine Orogeny: 30 million years ago, including the Alps and Himalayas; did not affect Ireland.

    Faulting

    • A fault is a crack or fracture in the Earth's crust.

    • Pressure and tension cause movement along fault lines.

    • Movement can be vertical or horizontal and occurs in areas of weakness in the crust.

    • Three main types of faults:

      • Normal Fault: One side of the fault slips downwards relative to the other. Caused by tension from plates pulling apart (divergent boundaries).
      • Reverse Fault: Land is compressed and pushed upwards, opposite to a normal fault. Caused by convergent plate boundaries.
      • Tear Fault: Plates slide past each other horizontally. Caused by the movement of plates in a transform boundary.

    Case Studies

    • Munster Ridge and Valley: Formed from Old Red Sandstone, limestone, and shale; features include trellis drainage patterns in the synclines. This area experienced a desert climate in the past (380 MYA).
    • African Rift Valley: Weakened by magma plumes that cause immense tension between plates, creating huge fault lines that formed a valley with steep sides. This is an example of a diverging plate boundary. The widening of this valley continues to increase by 4m per year.

    Doming

    • Doming is an upward bulge in sedimentary rocks due to magma rising.
    • Sedimentary rocks are deformed more easily compared to other rock types. Lava rising does not necessarily crack the rock layers, but can cause the surface to bulge.

    Examples of Faults

    • San Andreas Fault (Tear Fault): This tear fault is located in California.
    • Clew Bay, Co. Mayo (Normal Fault): Provides an example of normal fault formation creating a rift valley (graben).
    • Ben Bulben (Normal Fault): An example of a normal fault.

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    Folding and Faulting Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of folding in geology, including the different types of folds such as simple, asymmetrical, and overthrust. It also covers the processes of orogeny and tectonic movements that lead to mountain formation. Test your knowledge on these fundamental geological processes!

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