Geology Chapter 7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is an anticline?

A fold that arches upward (correct)

A fold that arches downward

A rock that fractures

A type of fault

What is a basin?

An upward fold

A type of fault

A downward bend in circular structure (correct)

A type of plate boundary

What is compression?

It squeezes rocks together, causing them to fold or fracture.

What is confining stress?

A deeply buried rock pushed down by the weight of all the material above it. Signup and view all the answers

What is deformation?

When stress causes a material to change shape. Signup and view all the answers

What is a dip?

The angle of a fault relative to the horizontal surface of the Earth. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a dip-slip fault?

The fault's dip is inclined relative to the horizontal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a dome?

An upward circular structure Signup and view all the answers

What is elastic deformation?

When rock returns to its original shape when stress is removed. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a fault?

If the blocks of rock on either side of a fracture move. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fold?

When rocks deform plastically under compressive stresses. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a fracture?

The rock breaks. Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint?

A type of fracture with no movement on either side. Signup and view all the answers

What is a monocline?

A simple bend in rock layers that are no longer horizontal. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a normal fault?

The hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall. Signup and view all the answers

What is plastic deformation?

The rock does not return to its original shape when stress is removed. Signup and view all the answers

What is a reverse fault?

The footwall drops down relative to the hanging wall. Signup and view all the answers

What is shear stress?

When forces are parallel but moving in opposite directions. Signup and view all the answers

What is slip in terms of faulting?

The distance rocks move along a fault. Signup and view all the answers

What is strain?

The change in shape caused by stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is stress in geology?

The force applied to an object per unit area. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a strike-slip fault?

The dip of the fault plane is vertical. Signup and view all the answers

What is a syncline?

A fold that bends downward, with the youngest rocks at the center. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to rocks under tension?

They are pulled apart and can lengthen or break. Signup and view all the answers

What is a thrust fault?

A type of reverse fault with a nearly horizontal fault plane. Signup and view all the answers

What causes uplift?

Converging continental plates smashing upwards. Signup and view all the answers

What is amplitude in relation to waves?

The height of a wave from its center. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Geological Structures and Deformation

Anticline: An upward arching fold where the oldest rocks are at the center, with younger rocks draped over them.
Basin: A downward bending circular structure; the oldest rocks are located at the center when exposed on the surface.
Dome: An upward arching circular structure; cutting off the top reveals the oldest rocks at the core.
Monocline: A simple bend in rock layers, altering their horizontal orientation.

Types of Faults

Fault: A fracture where blocks of rock move; sudden movements lead to earthquakes.
Dip-slip Fault: Characterized by a fault plane inclined relative to the horizontal, with two subtypes: normal and reverse faults.
Normal Fault: The hanging wall drops relative to the footwall, typical of divergent boundaries.
Reverse Fault: The footwall drops relative to the hanging wall, indicative of compressive stresses.
Thrust Fault: A reverse fault with a nearly horizontal fault plane; can cause significant displacement.
Strike-slip Fault: A vertical fault where movement is primarily horizontal, resulting from shear stress.

Stress and Deformation

Compression: Squeezes rocks together, typically occurring at convergent boundaries, causing folding or fracturing.
Tension: Rocks are pulled apart, leading to lengthening or fracturing, predominant at divergent boundaries.
Shear: Occurs when forces move in opposite parallel directions, most common at transform boundaries.
Confining Stress: The pressure exerted on deeply buried rocks by the weight of overlying materials, preventing deformation.

Rock Behavior Under Stress

Elastic Deformation: Rock returns to original shape upon removal of stress.
Plastic Deformation: Permanent change in rock shape without returning to the original form.
Strain: The change in shape caused by applied stress.

Other Geological Concepts

Fracture: The breaking of rock material; if no movement occurs along the fracture, it's classified as a joint.
Dip: The angle of a fault relative to the horizontal surface, which helps classify fault types.
Slip: The distance rocks move along a fault, which can vary and is defined relative to each fault plane.
Uplift: The process where converging continental plates create mountains, causing folds and faults in the crust.
Amplitude: Refers to the height of a wave from its center; relevant in the context of seismic activity.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key terms in geology with these flashcards from Chapter 7. Learn about structures like anticlines and basins, and understand the concepts that underlie these geological formations. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of the material.