Questions and Answers
What is an anticline?
What is a basin?
What is compression?
It squeezes rocks together, causing them to fold or fracture.
What is confining stress?
Signup and view all the answers
What is deformation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a dip?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes a dip-slip fault?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a dome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is elastic deformation?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines a fault?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a fold?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens in a fracture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a joint?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a monocline?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes a normal fault?
Signup and view all the answers
What is plastic deformation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a reverse fault?
Signup and view all the answers
What is shear stress?
Signup and view all the answers
What is slip in terms of faulting?
Signup and view all the answers
What is strain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is stress in geology?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes a strike-slip fault?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a syncline?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to rocks under tension?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a thrust fault?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes uplift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is amplitude in relation to waves?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Geological Structures and Deformation
- Anticline: An upward arching fold where the oldest rocks are at the center, with younger rocks draped over them.
- Basin: A downward bending circular structure; the oldest rocks are located at the center when exposed on the surface.
- Dome: An upward arching circular structure; cutting off the top reveals the oldest rocks at the core.
- Monocline: A simple bend in rock layers, altering their horizontal orientation.
Types of Faults
- Fault: A fracture where blocks of rock move; sudden movements lead to earthquakes.
- Dip-slip Fault: Characterized by a fault plane inclined relative to the horizontal, with two subtypes: normal and reverse faults.
- Normal Fault: The hanging wall drops relative to the footwall, typical of divergent boundaries.
- Reverse Fault: The footwall drops relative to the hanging wall, indicative of compressive stresses.
- Thrust Fault: A reverse fault with a nearly horizontal fault plane; can cause significant displacement.
- Strike-slip Fault: A vertical fault where movement is primarily horizontal, resulting from shear stress.
Stress and Deformation
- Compression: Squeezes rocks together, typically occurring at convergent boundaries, causing folding or fracturing.
- Tension: Rocks are pulled apart, leading to lengthening or fracturing, predominant at divergent boundaries.
- Shear: Occurs when forces move in opposite parallel directions, most common at transform boundaries.
- Confining Stress: The pressure exerted on deeply buried rocks by the weight of overlying materials, preventing deformation.
Rock Behavior Under Stress
- Elastic Deformation: Rock returns to original shape upon removal of stress.
- Plastic Deformation: Permanent change in rock shape without returning to the original form.
- Strain: The change in shape caused by applied stress.
Other Geological Concepts
- Fracture: The breaking of rock material; if no movement occurs along the fracture, it's classified as a joint.
- Dip: The angle of a fault relative to the horizontal surface, which helps classify fault types.
- Slip: The distance rocks move along a fault, which can vary and is defined relative to each fault plane.
- Uplift: The process where converging continental plates create mountains, causing folds and faults in the crust.
- Amplitude: Refers to the height of a wave from its center; relevant in the context of seismic activity.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of key terms in geology with these flashcards from Chapter 7. Learn about structures like anticlines and basins, and understand the concepts that underlie these geological formations. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of the material.