Questions and Answers
How do flood basalts form?
Flood basalts form as a result of an eruption above a mantle plume.
Which of the following islands is the oldest in Hawaii?
Kaua'i
From where do scientists think that mantle plumes originate?
Shallow locations within the mantle; the outer core-mantle boundary
What are hot spots best described as?
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How did the Hawaiian Islands form in the Pacific Ocean?
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Which materials in Hawaii's lava help keep it fluid for longer?
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Which of Hawaii's five volcanoes are still considered active?
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What has the single most immediate effect on lava's ability to solidify?
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In what direction was the tectonic plate moving based on the ages of volcanic islands?
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What is piled up along the cone of SP Crater that causes it to be steep?
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What causes vesicles to form in lava?
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What is the difference between aa lava and pahoehoe lava?
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How do cinder cones differ from composite and shield volcanoes?
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Which statement is NOT true about andesite and basalt?
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What geologic process is related to caldera formation?
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How do calderas form?
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What lies underneath volcanic features at Earth's surface?
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What is the difference between a dike and a sill?
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What is a volcanic conduit called after solidification and erosion?
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Why are volcanic rocks often exposed as hills, ridges, and mountains?
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What is a magma chamber called after solidification and erosion?
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What is a mantle plume?
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What kind of metamorphic texture results in the segregation of light and dark mineral bands?
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Which of the following is a temperature associated with metamorphism?
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Study Notes
Flood Basalts and Volcanoes
- Flood basalts are formed by eruptions that occur above a mantle plume.
- Kilauea is an active volcano located on the island of Hawaii, with Kaua'i being the oldest island in the chain.
- Mantle plumes are believed to originate from shallow regions within the mantle and the outer core-mantle boundary.
- Hot spots represent localized volcanic activity that is independent of tectonic plate boundaries.
Formation of Hawaiian Islands
- The Hawaiian Islands were created when magma from a hot spot penetrated the overlying plate, resulting in volcanic formations.
- The lava in Hawaii stays fluid longer due to the presence of iron and magnesium, which allows for extensive lava flows.
Volcano Activity
- Among Hawaii’s five volcanoes, Mauna Loa and Kilauea are currently active.
- The ability of lava to solidify is immediately impacted by its temperature.
Direction of Plate Movement
- The tectonic plate forming the volcanic islands moved toward the west, as indicated by the ages of the islands.
Cinders and Lava Characteristics
- Cinders accumulate along the cone of SP Crater, contributing to its steepness.
- Vesicles in lava are formed by trapped gas bubbles during the eruption.
Types of Lava
- Aa lava has a rough, prickly texture, while pahoehoe lava features a smooth, ropy texture.
- Cinder cones are notably smaller than composite and shield volcanoes.
Characteristics of Lava Types
- It is a misconception that basaltic lava is thicker than andesitic lava; in fact, the reverse is true.
Geologic Processes
- The process of volcanism is linked to the formation of calderas, which occur when a volcano's summit collapses.
- Beneath volcanic surfaces lie magma chambers and volcanic conduits.
Intrusions and Their Characteristics
- A dike intrudes sedimentary layers perpendicularly; a sill intrudes parallel to sedimentary layers.
- Volcanic conduits that have solidified and been eroded expose what is referred to as a volcanic neck.
Erosion and Surface Features
- Volcanic rocks often appear as hills, ridges, and mountains due to erosion, which exposes these features above lower-lying terrain.
Magma and Rock Formation
- A batholith is the term for a solidified magma chamber that has been revealed through erosion.
- Mantle plumes refer to hot rock rising from deep within the Earth.
Metamorphism
- Gneissic texture is a metamorphic texture that leads to the segregation of light and dark mineral bands.
- A temperature of 400 degrees Celsius is recognized as significant in the process of metamorphism.
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Test your knowledge on the basics of geology with these flashcards. Explore concepts such as flood basalts, volcanic islands, and mantle plumes. Perfect for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of geological processes.