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Questions and Answers
What is the primary force that causes mass movement of soil, sand, and rock?
What is the primary force that causes mass movement of soil, sand, and rock?
Which type of mass movement occurs rapidly and may lead to the formation of sinkholes?
Which type of mass movement occurs rapidly and may lead to the formation of sinkholes?
What term is used to describe the buildup of rock fragments at the base of a slope following a rock fall?
What term is used to describe the buildup of rock fragments at the base of a slope following a rock fall?
Which phenomenon is characterized by large masses of material being moved downhill due to gravity?
Which phenomenon is characterized by large masses of material being moved downhill due to gravity?
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What term describes the gradual movement of land due to factors like consolidation of soil?
What term describes the gradual movement of land due to factors like consolidation of soil?
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What does the process of hydration or hydrolysis involve?
What does the process of hydration or hydrolysis involve?
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What are geologic processes primarily studied for?
What are geologic processes primarily studied for?
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What is created by the process of carbonation in weathering?
What is created by the process of carbonation in weathering?
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Which of the following minerals readily reacts with oxygen during oxidation?
Which of the following minerals readily reacts with oxygen during oxidation?
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Which of the following describes exogenous processes?
Which of the following describes exogenous processes?
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What role does gravity play in the process of erosion?
What role does gravity play in the process of erosion?
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What is the main difference between weathering and erosion?
What is the main difference between weathering and erosion?
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Which type of weathering is predominant at higher elevations?
Which type of weathering is predominant at higher elevations?
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Which type of weathering involves a change in the rock's composition?
Which type of weathering involves a change in the rock's composition?
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Which of the following can be a result of exogenous processes?
Which of the following can be a result of exogenous processes?
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What is one of the severe consequences faced by the Philippines related to erosion?
What is one of the severe consequences faced by the Philippines related to erosion?
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How does wind affect rock and soil in dry areas?
How does wind affect rock and soil in dry areas?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of exogenic process?
Which of the following is NOT a type of exogenic process?
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What drives most exogenous processes on Earth?
What drives most exogenous processes on Earth?
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Which agent of erosion is considered the most important?
Which agent of erosion is considered the most important?
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Which statement about physical weathering is correct?
Which statement about physical weathering is correct?
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What is the primary agent of oxidation in chemical weathering?
What is the primary agent of oxidation in chemical weathering?
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Which process is described by the chemical breakdown of a substance when combined with water?
Which process is described by the chemical breakdown of a substance when combined with water?
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How does thermal and pressure change contribute to physical weathering?
How does thermal and pressure change contribute to physical weathering?
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Which of the following is NOT a process that causes physical weathering?
Which of the following is NOT a process that causes physical weathering?
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What effect do waves have on rocks along the seashore?
What effect do waves have on rocks along the seashore?
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Which of the following best describes frost wedging?
Which of the following best describes frost wedging?
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Why do temperature changes lead to the crumbling of rocks?
Why do temperature changes lead to the crumbling of rocks?
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What role do animals play in physical weathering?
What role do animals play in physical weathering?
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Study Notes
Geological Processes on Earth
- Geological processes describe the natural forces that shape a planet's physical makeup.
- These processes are studied by geologists and earth scientists to understand the planet's history, locate resources, and predict events like earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.
- Key processes include: Plate Tectonics, Weathering, Erosion, and Sedimentation.
- Processes are categorized as exogenous (external) and endogenous (internal).
Exogenous Processes (External)
- Occur near the Earth's surface.
- Primarily driven by gravity, water, wind, and organisms.
- Exogenous processes often have a destructive aspect reshaping landscapes and ecosystems.
- In extreme cases, they can wipe out most organisms in an area.
- Examples include weathering, erosion, and mass movement.
Types of Exogenous Processes
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Weathering: The disintegration of rocks, soil, and minerals. This occurs through contact with Earth's systems without movement.
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Physical Weathering: Breakdown of rocks without a change in composition. Examples include thermal and pressure change, wind and waves, freeze and thaw.
- Thermal and pressure change: Rocks breaking due to alternating hot and cold temperatures. Expansion when heated and contraction when cooled causes cracking and breakdown.
- Wind and Waves: Wind carrying sand particles that erode rock surfaces; waves chipping and cracking rocks along shorelines.
- Freeze-thaw: Water seeps into cracks in rocks, freezes, and expands, widening the cracks causing eventual breakdown.
- Frost Wedging: Water freezing and expanding in cracks within rocks causing them to break.
- Salt Wedging: Dissolved salts crystallize and expand in the fissures in rocks causing them to break.
- Ex: Soil cracks due to extreme heat and drought, wind erosion, waves eroding coastlines.
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Chemical Weathering: Decomposition of rocks due to chemical reactions between minerals in rocks and the environment. The environment can include water and gases in the atmosphere.
- Oxidation: Reaction of a substance with oxygen.
- Hydrolysis: Chemical breakdown of a substance when combined with water.
- Acid Rain: Corrodes or deteriorates metal and stone causing a change in their properties.
- Ex: Chemical weathering is key to the formation of caves as water reacts with limestone.
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Physical Weathering: Breakdown of rocks without a change in composition. Examples include thermal and pressure change, wind and waves, freeze and thaw.
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Erosion: Movement of weathered rock (snow, soil, sand, and pebbles) to a new location. Erosion always follows weathering to complete material transfer.
- Examples include wind erosion, flowing water erosion, glacial erosion, and waves erosion.
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Mass Movement (Mass Wasting): Bulk movements of soil, sand, and rock debris downslope in response to gravity. This includes various processes like slope movement, subsidence and sinking. Include rapid events like landslides and debris flows or gradual movements like soil creep.
- Debris Flow: Large amounts of sediment, predominantly rocks, falling down a slope without necessarily needing water.
- Mudflow: Combined soil and water flowing down a slope, usually occurring near water sources.
- Slump: Slow movement of soil along curved surfaces.
Endogenous Processes (Internal)
- Occur deep inside the Earth, often due to plate tectonics, volcanic activity, etc.
- Not directly covered in the notes.
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Description
Explore the various geological processes that shape our planet, including exogenous and endogenous activities. Learn about significant concepts such as plate tectonics, weathering, erosion, and sedimentation. This quiz will test your understanding of how these processes influence Earth's landscapes and ecosystems.
