Geography Unit 1 and 2 Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following Canadian cities is situated on an important river and acts as a hub for exporting wheat to the world?

  • Vancouver
  • Montreal
  • Winnipeg
  • Calgary (correct)

What city is the capital of Canada?

Ottawa

The Mercator Projection is an accurate and very commonly used map projection.

False (B)

What is the difference between a precipitation that's cyclonic, relief or convection?

<p>Cyclonic precipitation is caused by the movement of air masses. Relief precipitation is caused by air being forced upward as it rises over mountains. Convective precipitation is caused by the rising of warm, moist air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a major geographical feature located on the landmass of Canada? Choose all that apply.

<p>Rocky Mountains (A), The Great Lakes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a climatogram and a climograph?

<p>A climatogram is a type of graph that shows the average monthly temperature and precipitation for a specific location. A climograph is a type of graph that shows the average monthly temperature and precipitation for a specific location, but it is usually more detailed than a climatogram.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of soil in the Canadian soil profile?

<p>Decomposed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a lessive soil and a calcareous soil?

<p>A lessive soil is a type of soil that is characterized by a lack of calcium. A calcareous soil is a type of soil that is characterized by a high concentration of calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the location of a transition zone within a soil profile?

<p>The transition zone connects the upper part of a soil profile, the soil horizon, with the lower part of the profile. It is a vital zone for plant growth and biodiversity and plays a crucial role in the nutrient cycling process of soils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ecozones?

<p>Ecozones are large areas of land that share similar environmental features, including climate, vegetation, and soil types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ecozones are contained in Canada?

<p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the various terms used to describe population trends and changes?

<p>Demography, natality rate, mortality rate, immigration, natural increase and emigration are all terms that can be used to describe population trends and changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 'baby boom' is a short period of time when a large number of births occur.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a 'baby boom' be concerning to governing bodies?

<p>A baby boom can strain a country's resources, such as education, healthcare, and housing. It can also lead to increased unemployment and pressure on pensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an independent territory differ from a dependant territory?

<p>An independent territory manages its own affairs and is responsible for its own laws and policies. A dependent territory is ruled by a different country and relies on that country for its laws, administration, and defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key differences between an immigrant and an emigrant?

<p>An immigrant moves to a new country, while an emigrant leaves their home country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of assimilation affect the people of a country?

<p>People from different cultures may lose their distinctive customs and languages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three levels of 'occupation of the land' in Canada?

<p>The three levels are primary, secondary and tertiary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between climate and weather?

<p>Climate is the long-term average weather conditions for a particular region, while weather refers to the short-term state of the atmosphere at a specific location and time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Canadian climate is strongly influenced by the proximity to the Arctic Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, but is also influenced by vast mountain ranges.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that influence Canada's maritime climate?

<p>Canada's maritime climate is influenced by the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, as well as the Gulf Stream and the Labrador Current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main type of fish found in abundance along the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia?

<p>The Nova Scotia coast is well-known for its abundant cod fish, but it also plays host to lobsters and crabs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a continental climate?

<p>The continental climate is characterized by cold winters and warm summers, with high daily temperature swings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a continental climate and a maritime climate?

<p>A continental climate is characterized by hot summers and cold winters, with large temperature swings. A maritime climate is characterized by cooler summers and milder winters, with smaller temperature swings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a city that has a continental climate and a city that has a maritime climate in Canada.

<p>Some examples of cities with a continental climate include Edmonton and Winnipeg, while cities like Halifax and Victoria experience a maritime climate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the climate of Canada's 7 physiographic regions?

<p>Canada’s 7 physiographic regions are influenced by factors including latitude, elevation, proximity to large bodies of water, and prevailing wind patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plate Tectonics

The theory that Earth's outer layer, the lithosphere, is made of large plates that move slowly over time.

Continental Drift

The process where continents move across the Earth's surface over millions of years.

Igneous Rock

A type of rock formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock.

Metamorphic Rock

A type of rock formed from the transformation of existing rocks due to heat and pressure.

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Sedimentary Rock

A type of rock formed from the accumulation and cementation of sediments.

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Erosion

The gradual wearing away of Earth's surface by natural forces like wind, water, and ice.

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Glacial Erosion

The process of glaciers carving out valleys, leaving behind U-shaped valleys and other distinctive landforms.

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Fossils

The preserved remains or traces of ancient life found in rock.

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Climate

The average weather conditions of a region over a long period of time.

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Maritime Climate

A climate influenced by the ocean, characterized by mild temperatures and even precipitation.

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Continental Climate

A climate influenced by landmasses, characterized by extreme temperature variations and low humidity.

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Climatogram

A visual representation of a region's climate, showing monthly temperature and precipitation patterns.

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Population Distribution

The spread of people across a region.

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Demographics

The statistical characteristics of a population, including age, gender, ethnicity, and education.

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Urbanization

The process by which people move from rural areas to cities.

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Population Pyramid

A diagram representing the age and gender structure of a population.

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Immigration

The movement of people from one country to another.

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Autochthonous Populations

The original inhabitants of a land, often referring to Indigenous peoples.

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Economic Activities

The activities that involve the production and exchange of goods and services.

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Study Notes

Unit 1 - Geographical Skills

  • Canada has 10 provinces and 3 territories
  • Major cities, rivers, lakes, and bodies of water of Canada are identified
  • Canadian capital cities are identified
  • Globes and maps represent earth's surface
  • Different map projections (Mercator, Conic, Equivalent) present distortions and variations
  • Defining terms like scale, topographic maps, grids, and coordinates are covered
  • Different types of scales and examples for each are given
  • Geographical locations (continents, latitude, longitude, time zones) are discussed
  • Differences between large and small scale maps are explained

Unit 2 - Physical Connections: Geological History

  • Continental drift theory and its acceptance/rejection
  • Plate tectonic theory, its timeline and proposer (Alfred Wegener)
  • Composition of the Earth's crust, plate count and locations
  • Plate movement causes changes on Earth's surface (earthquakes, volcanoes, Pangea formation)
  • Explaining terms like erosion and fossil
  • Forms of igneous rocks, intrusive and extrusive rock examples
  • Formation and examples of sedimentary rocks are included

Unit 3 - Ecozones

  • Identification of 7 Canadian physiographic regions
  • Differences between climate and weather
  • Climatic factors (example: CLEVER for Canada) are discussed
  • Precipitation and temperature differences between marine and continental climates
  • Examples of cities with marine and continental climates are provided
  • Types of precipitation (cyclonic, relief, convection) and associated Canadian city examples are given
  • Methods to create climatograms and compute average temperature/precipitation
  • Soil composition (lessivé, calcifié) and transition zones are shown
  • Canadian ecozones and their population distribution are discussed

Unit 4 - Cultural Connections: Population

  • Demography, birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, and emigration, and net migration are defined and explained
  • Discussions of population pyramids (baby boom generation's impact and implications on current/future generations)
  • Indigenous peoples' (assimilation, assimilated, autonomous) situation, historical events (Proclamation of 1713, the Indian Act)
  • factors influencing their current lives; government policies, difficulties, suicide and drug issues in certain regions are explored

Unit 5 - Economic Connections

  • Examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries
  • Work sector choice and reasons
  • Most important industries in several Canadian provinces

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