Geography: Physical and Human Interactions
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Questions and Answers

How does perceived control influence risk perception?

  • Feeling a lack of control increases perceived risk levels. (correct)
  • Lack of control decreases perceived risk levels.
  • Perceived control has no effect on risk perception.
  • High control always leads to high risk perception.

What distinguishes risk assessment from risk management?

  • Risk management involves quantitative measurements exclusively.
  • Risk management focuses on risk communication.
  • Risk assessment is more subjective than risk management.
  • Risk assessment is based on scientific analysis while risk management is policy-based. (correct)

Which statement correctly describes the Precautionary Principle?

  • Avoiding action until risks are proven.
  • Taking action only when risks are clearly evident.
  • Delegating risk assessments solely to policymakers.
  • Acting to prevent potential harm, even without confirmed risk. (correct)

What is an essential component of the risk assessment process?

<p>Interactive exchange between stakeholders on risk perception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychometric paradigm, what influences risk perception the most?

<p>Intuition, experiential thinking, and emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the division of Human Geography primarily focus on?

<p>Economic and cultural studies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a hazard?

<p>The potential for harm or death from an event (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'risk perception' refer to?

<p>The subjective judgment about the likelihood of risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of risk classification, what does a 'red' level indicate?

<p>An immediate risk of harm likely to occur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT influence vulnerability to hazards?

<p>Personal interest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might people fear flying despite its safety?

<p>Plane crashes are highly publicized despite rarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a risk from a hazard?

<p>A risk measures the potential for harm based on probability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of danger levels, what does 'caution' signify?

<p>A careful approach is advisable to avoid potential issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a divergent boundary in plate tectonics?

<p>Plates come apart and create new crust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift?

<p>It proposed that continents were once part of a supercontinent called Pangaea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the Earth is directly above the outer core?

<p>Mantle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fault is caused by shearing forces?

<p>Strike-slip fault (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the subduction process at convergent boundaries?

<p>One tectonic plate is forced under another, leading to melting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is used in conjunction with reinforced concrete to reduce seismic activity during earthquakes?

<p>Energy-dissipating devices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary lesson that communities in Nepal, India, and Vietnam have learned to cope with earthquakes?

<p>Altering building techniques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of space did most respondents prefer for communal areas in post-earthquake studies?

<p>Medium-sized communal spaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After experiencing an earthquake, what behavior did the authors observe regarding people's movement?

<p>Many chose to stay close to home (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of risk perception does the UNCRD film emphasize for communities in earthquake-prone areas?

<p>Promoting community resilience through practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the ShakeAlert system?

<p>To notify people about significant earthquakes in advance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of emergency response focuses on preparedness through planning?

<p>Preparedness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique involves separating a building from its foundation to absorb shocks during an earthquake?

<p>Base isolation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about shear walls is correct?

<p>They can be placed strategically to manage lateral forces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT essential in achieving earthquake-resistant design of buildings?

<p>Increased building height (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of Japan's research in predicting earthquakes?

<p>Studying the 2011 Tohoku earthquake for future predictions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the emergency response management process?

<p>Community engagement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of moment-resisting frames allows them to absorb energy during an earthquake?

<p>They have flexible column-beam joints. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action does California law require developers to take regarding building construction?

<p>Set buildings away from active fault lines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated damage cost from the 2019 earthquakes in Ridgecrest?

<p>$1 billion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is formed when the unsupported rock of an emptied magma chamber collapses?

<p>Caldera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tools is NOT mentioned as a method for predicting earthquakes?

<p>Radar technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of soil, known for its fertility, results from the weathering of volcanic materials?

<p>Andisols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scale is used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes?

<p>Richter Scale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant contributor to creating earthquakes in various states?

<p>Wastewater injected into the earth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What magnitude was the earthquake that struck Morocco in September 2023?

<p>6.8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the largest recorded earthquake in Canada occur?

<p>Cascadia Subduction Zone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an earthquake-resistant building mentioned?

<p>The CN Tower (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What natural disaster did the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster follow?

<p>Tsunami (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Japan utilize AI technology in relation to earthquakes?

<p>To detect landslides and aging buildings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the danger posed by earthquakes?

<p>Proximity to human settlements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological phenomenon causes the majority of earthquakes in Canada?

<p>Movement at plate edges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reported outcome of the Three Gorges reservoir project?

<p>Worsened landslides. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element contributed to the ancient geological stress in the West Quebec Seismic Zone?

<p>Glacial weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Tsunami Advisory indicate?

<p>A tsunami has been confirmed with strong winds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the magnitude of the earthquake that struck Chile in 2010?

<p>8.8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major consequence of the Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami?

<p>It caused the third largest earthquake recorded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the tsunami warning system transmits data to the PTWC?

<p>DART buoys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a significant hazard requiring evacuation according to the PTWC forecasting model?

<p>Light red to bright red (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major factor leading to the disastrous impact of the Boxing Day tsunami?

<p>Speed of tsunami propagation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Indian Ocean tsunami warning system activated?

<p>2006 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the seismicity of valleys near water bodies?

<p>Water pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the PTWC's bulletins?

<p>Tsunami information bulletins confirm that no tsunami has been detected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is known for experiencing high losses due to earthquakes in the U.S.?

<p>California (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Perceived Control & Risk

People's sense of control over a situation affects their perception of risk. More control = lower risk perception; less control = higher risk perception.

Risk Perception Types

Risk perception can be quantitative (actual risk) or qualitative (perceived risk).

Risk Assessment vs. Management

Risk assessment is science-based, while risk management is policy-based. Risk communication is interactive.

Precautionary Principle

Taking action to prevent harm even if the risk isn't certain. Burden of proof is on those claiming no risk.

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Psychometric Paradigm

Risk perception is heavily influenced by intuition, experience, and emotions. Pleasure related to a product influences risk perception.

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Hazard

A source of potential harm.

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Risk

The chance or probability of being harmed.

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Risk Perception

A subjective judgment about how risky something is.

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Dread Risk

A risk that people are strongly afraid of.

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Hazard vs. Risk Example

Bleach stored on a high shelf is a hazard; drinking the bleach is a risk.

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Levels of Danger

Danger categories – red (high harm), orange (increased harm), yellow (caution).

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Risk assessment

Evaluating possible risks.

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Vulnerability

Factors making someone more likely to be harmed by a hazard.

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Plate Tectonics

The theory that the Earth's outer shell (lithosphere) is made of plates that move independently over the mantle. These movements cause earthquakes, volcanic activity, and mountain formation.

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Pangaea

A supercontinent formed 225 million years ago that contained all of Earth's present-day continents. It later broke apart due to continental drift.

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What are the three types of plate boundaries?

  1. Divergent boundaries: Plates move apart, creating new crust. 2. Convergent boundaries: Plates collide, one often forcing the other under (subduction). 3. Transform boundaries: Plates slide past each other horizontally.
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge

An underwater mountain range where new oceanic crust is created as plates spread apart. The Atlantic Ocean is expanding due to this process.

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Subduction Zones

Areas where one tectonic plate dives beneath another. The descending plate melts, leading to volcanic activity.

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Active Fault

A geological fracture in the Earth's crust that has moved in the past and is likely to move again, posing a significant earthquake hazard.

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Earthquake Risk

The likelihood of experiencing damaging earthquakes in a particular area, often influenced by proximity to active faults and population density.

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Earthquake Resistance

The ability of a structure to withstand the forces of an earthquake without collapsing or sustaining major damage.

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Predicting Earthquakes

The use of scientific methods and technologies to identify potential earthquake occurrences, including monitoring tectonic movements and analyzing seismic activity.

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Wastewater Earthquakes

Earthquakes triggered by the injection of wastewater from oil and gas extraction into underground formations, disrupting geological stability.

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Dam-Induced Seismicity

Earthquakes caused or intensified by the weight and pressure of large reservoirs created by dams, altering the stress on surrounding rock formations.

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Laser Beams & Earthquakes

A technique used to detect subtle movements in the Earth's crust, indicating potential earthquake activity by measuring changes in distance over time.

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Seismic Vibrations & Earthquakes

The use of seismographs to measure vibrations in the Earth's crust, with increased vibrations indicating a higher probability of an earthquake.

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ShakeAlert

An earthquake early warning system for the West Coast of the United States and Pacific Northwest that detects significant earthquakes and sends alerts to users so they can take precautions.

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Emergency Response Phases

The four stages of managing an emergency: Preparedness, Response, Recovery, and Mitigation.

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Mitigation in Emergency Response

Actions taken to reduce the impact of future disasters by identifying vulnerabilities and taking steps to reduce them.

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Earthquake Resistant Building Design

Designing structures that can withstand the forces of an earthquake using principles of strength, stiffness, and deformation.

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Base Isolation

A technique that separates a building from its foundation using flexible pads to absorb earthquake shocks.

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Diaphragms in Earthquake Resistant Design

Horizontal planes (floors and roofs) that are rigid and transfer lateral forces from the earthquake to vertical elements, like columns.

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Braced Frames

Vertical frames that transfer lateral loads from floors and roofs to foundations, used when shear walls are not practical.

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Energy-Dissipating Devices

These devices are designed to absorb and reduce the energy of seismic waves during an earthquake, minimizing the shaking and potential damage to structures.

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Reinforced Concrete

A building material that combines concrete with steel reinforcement bars to improve its strength and resilience against earthquakes.

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UNCRD's Approach to Earthquakes

The United Nations Centre for Regional Development promotes a strategy of learning to live with earthquakes by adapting building techniques and practices in earthquake-prone regions.

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Open Spaces in Post-Earthquake Cities

Research suggests that residents prefer medium or large communal spaces for gathering and support after an earthquake.

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Trust and Safety in Post-Earthquake Behavior

Studies show that people tend to stay closer to their homes and familiar neighborhoods after an earthquake, prioritizing familiarity and social support.

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Tsunami Warning System

A network of sensors, buoys, and communication systems designed to detect tsunamis, issue warnings, and provide information to affected areas.

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PTWC Bulletins

Warnings and advisories issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) to alert coastal communities about potential tsunamis.

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Tsunami Advisory

An alert issued by the PTWC indicating a tsunami has been confirmed and likely poses a minor threat to coastal areas.

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Tsunami Warning

An urgent announcement from the PTWC indicating a major tsunami is imminent, requiring immediate evacuation.

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DART System

A network of underwater sensors that monitor ocean pressure changes to detect tsunamis far from shore.

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Boxing Day Tsunamis

A series of devastating tsunamis triggered by a powerful earthquake in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004.

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Real-Time Tsunami Forecasting

Using computer models and data to predict the path, intensity, and arrival time of tsunamis as they are happening.

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Underwater Earthquake

An earthquake that originates beneath the ocean floor, capable of triggering powerful tsunamis.

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Earthquake Magnitude

A measure of the energy released by an earthquake, indicated by the Richter scale or other scales.

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What are Collapse Calderas?

Large craters formed when the roof of a magma chamber collapses after a volcanic eruption or magma movement.

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How do volcanoes create fertile soil?

Volcanic materials weather into Andisols, a black soil rich in minerals that hold nutrients and water, making it the most fertile soil.

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What's an earthquake?

Sudden ground shaking caused by shifts in the Earth's crust or volcanic activity. They usually occur at plate edges and fault lines.

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What is the Richter Scale?

A logarithmic scale that measures the magnitude of earthquakes based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs.

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What is the West Quebec Seismic Zone?

A region prone to earthquakes due to ancient geological stress, including glacial weight and a failed fault line.

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What makes earthquakes dangerous?

Earthquakes are unpredictable, can happen anywhere, and can cause significant damage and secondary events like tsunamis.

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What happened at Fukushima?

A tsunami triggered by an earthquake disabled emergency generators at a nuclear power plant, causing meltdowns and radioactive releases.

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Why do earthquakes happen frequently in Southern California?

Southern California is located in a highly active seismic zone where the Pacific and North American plates meet, causing frequent earthquakes.

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Study Notes

Geography

  • Examines interactions between natural systems, places, societies, and cultures
  • Considers space (differences and similarities) and time (actions/mechanisms)
  • Unified by method, not a specific body of knowledge

Two Main Divisions of Geography

  • Physical Geography: Focuses on physical and life sciences (biology, geology)
  • Human Geography: Focuses on social and cultural sciences (economics, cultural studies)

Concept of Danger

  • Potential for harm or death, existing on a continuum
  • Can be immediate (e.g., tornado) or gradual (e.g., climate change)
  • Events can be visible (e.g., fire) or invisible (e.g., radiation), or both
  • Harm can be from human activities or natural processes
  • "Safe" areas are those with a low likelihood of harm

Levels of Danger

  • Danger: High likelihood of harm (red)
  • Warning: Increased likelihood of harm (orange)
  • Caution: Potential for harm (yellow)

Hazard vs. Risk

  • Hazard: Source of potential harm (e.g., bleach on a high shelf)
  • Risk: Chance or probability of harm occurring (e.g., drinking the bleach)

Risk Perception

  • Subjective judgment about risk characteristics and severity
  • Dread: a risk people strongly fear
  • Example: Caffeine has low perceived risk and dread

Safety of Modes of Transport

  • Planes have a lower chance of death, but the risk of death is more perceived.
  • Many people fear flying more than other forms of transportation due to perceived higher risk, despite lower probability.

Perceived Control

  • Perceived control over a situation can affect risk perception.
  • High control = lower perceived risk
  • Lack of control = higher perceived risk

Risk Perception (Continued)

  • Quantitative risk: Actual risk (statistical data)
  • Qualitative risk: Perceptual risk (feelings about the risk)

Risk Assessment Process

  • Science based: Risk assessment process
  • Policy based: Risk management process
  • Interactive exchange: Risk communication

Precautionary Principle

  • Taking action to prevent harm, even when uncertainty exists about the risk
  • "Better late than sorry" approach

Applying the Precautionary Principle

  • Assigning burdens of proof
  • Evaluating evidence/justification/alternatives
  • Assessing policies and taking transparent decisions

Psychometric Paradigm

  • Risk perception heavily relies on intuition, experiential thinking, and emotions
  • Risk perception is influenced by benefits perceived from products or activities

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Related Documents

GEO 210 Week 1 Lecture Notes (4) PDF
GEO 210 Lecture 2 (4) PDF

Description

Explore the dynamic interactions between natural systems, places, societies, and cultures in this quiz about geography. Learn about the divisions of geography, including physical and human aspects, and understand the concepts of danger, risk, and hazard. Test your knowledge of how these factors influence our world.

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