Questions and Answers
What is the approximate compression of the Earth?
A Graticule is the name given to:
A great circle has its North vertex at 70N 130E. What is the position of its South vertex?
Given the compression of the Earth is 1/297 and the semi-major axis at the Equator is 6378.4 km, what is the semi-major axis at the Poles?
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A nautical mile is defined as:
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You are correctly on the glideslope and passing a height of 1000 feet QFE. What is your range from the touchdown point? (Assume 1 nm = 6000 feet)
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If an aircraft is 3° off the required track at a range of 120 nm, how far in nautical miles (nm) is the aircraft off the required track?
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An aircraft leaves point A to fly to point B, 95 nautical miles distance. The aircraft's position is found from a 'pinpoint' 7 nm right of track after flying 35 nm. What is the track error?
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On a chart, 49 nautical miles is represented by 7.0 centimeters. What is the scale?
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What type of projection is a normal Mercator chart?
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The correct combination of the statements Cylindrical, Perspective, Non-Perspective, Conformal, Conical, Azimuthal:
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A direct Mercator graticule is:
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On a normal Mercator chart, rhumb lines are represented as:
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On a direct Mercator, Great Circles can be represented as:
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On a direct Mercator, with the exception of the meridians and the Equator, Great Circles are represented as:
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The angle between a straight line on a Mercator chart and the corresponding great circle is:
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When do `equinoxes' occur?
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When it is the Winter Solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, the sun will be overhead?
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What is the angle between the Equinoctial and Ecliptic?
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The Declination of a celestial body (the Sun) measured on the Celestial Sphere is analogous to which on Earth?
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A sidereal day is?
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At a specific location, the value of magnetic variation depends on:
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At the magnetic equator, which of the following is zero?
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The value of magnetic variation on a chart changes with time due to:
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How is the direct reading magnetic compass made aperiodic?
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Match the navigation terms with their definitions:
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The period of validity of an FMS database is:
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In an IRS, what is the relationship between the accelerometers and the platform?
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What does the FMC position represent?
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How is magnetic variation information obtained in a Flight Management system (FMS)?
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When and where are IRS positions typically updated?
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For a position in the southern hemisphere, the effect of acceleration errors are greatest on headings:
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An aircraft in the southern hemisphere is turning from a heading of 045 °(C) to 315 °(C) using a DGI. At the end of the turn the compass will read _____ than 315 ° and liquid swirl will _____ this effect.
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In a standby compass the magnet system is immersed in a transparent liquid. The purpose of this liquid is to:
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To improve the horizontality of a compass, the magnet assembly is suspended from a point:
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The magnitude and sense of turning error shown by a direct reading compass varies with:
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During a sustained turn ____ the nearer magnetic pole, the effect of liquid swirl will ____ compass turning error.
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When carrying out a turn at the magnetic equator there will be:
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What is your true track if the heading is 156°T, TAS is 320 knots, and W/V is 130/45?
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If you are heading 345°M with a variation of 20°E and take a radar bearing of 30° left of the nose from an island, what bearing do you plot?
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Given a pressure altitude of FL55, a QNH of 998, and SAT of +30°C, what is the Density Altitude?
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Where is convergence on a Transverse Mercator chart correct?
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When is the last point at which an INS or IRS may be selected to NAV mode?
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On a particular take-off, if you can accept up to 10 knots tailwind, with a QDM of 047, variation of 17°E, and wind direction of 210, what is the maximum wind strength you can accept?
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What is the agonic line?
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On a 12% glide slope with a groundspeed of 540 knots, what is your rate of descent?
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What does the sensor of an INS/IRS measure?
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At 65 nm from a VOR, descending from FL330 to FL100 with a mean groundspeed of 240 knots, what rate of descent is required?
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In an Inertial Navigation System, what is the output of the first stage North/South integrator?
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In which month does aphelion occur?
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What is the highest latitude listed below at which the sun will rise above the horizon and set every day?
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Given a pressure altitude of 29000 feet and SAT of -55°C, what is the density altitude?
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From point A to B, a 2368 nautical mile journey with outbound groundspeed of 365 knots, homebound groundspeed of 480 knots, and 8 hours 30 minutes safe endurance, what is the time to the PNR?
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What is the UTC time of sunrise in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (49N 123 30W) on the 6th December?
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How does scale change on a normal Mercator chart?
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If you are on an ILS 3-degree glideslope passing over the runway threshold at 50 feet and your DME range is 25 nm from the threshold, what is your height above the runway threshold elevation?
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At 1200 Standard Time in Queensland, Australia on the 10th July, what is the Standard Time in Hawaii, USA?
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes for the text:
Navigation
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Direction, Latitude, and Longitude
- The Earth's compression is approximately 1/297.
- The semi-major axis of the Earth at the equator is 6378.4 km.
- The semi-major axis of the Earth at the poles is 6356.9 km.
- A graticule is a series of lines drawn on a chart, including latitude and longitude lines.
- A great circle is the shortest distance between two points on the Earth's surface.
- A nautical mile is defined as the length of the arc of a great circle which subtends an angle of one minute in the center of the Earth.
Great Circles, Rhumb Lines, and Distances on the Earth
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Change of Latitude and Longitude
- Change of latitude is calculated by subtracting the latitude of the initial position from the latitude of the final position.
- Change of longitude is calculated by subtracting the longitude of the initial position from the longitude of the final position.
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Rhumb Lines
- A rhumb line is a line that crosses all meridians at the same angle.
- A rhumb line is not a great circle, but it is a line of constant direction.
- The shortest distance between two points on the Earth's surface is along a great circle, not a rhumb line.
Earth Magnetism
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Magnetic Variation
- Magnetic variation is the angle between the direction indicated by a compass and magnetic north.
- Magnetic variation changes with time due to the movement of the magnetic poles.
- Isogonals are lines of equal magnetic variation.
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Dip Angle
- The dip angle is the angle between the horizontal and the total magnetic force.
- The dip angle is zero at the magnetic equator and 90° at the magnetic poles.
Wind Components
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Wind Directions
- The wind direction is measured from the true north.
- The wind direction is given in the TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast) as a 3-digit code (e.g., 310/25).
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Headwind and Crosswind Components
- The headwind component is the wind speed component that is directly in line with the aircraft's direction of motion.
- The crosswind component is the wind speed component that is perpendicular to the aircraft's direction of motion.
The 1 in 60 Rule
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Track Error
- Track error is the angle between the aircraft's actual track and the required track.
- Track error can be calculated using the 1 in 60 rule.
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Correction of Track
- To correct for track error, the aircraft must fly a heading that is equal to the required track plus the track error.
Navigation Using the 1 in 60 Rule
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Position Fixing
- The 1 in 60 rule can be used to determine the aircraft's position by measuring the angle between the actual track and the required track.
- The distance off track can be calculated using the 1 in 60 rule.
Other Applications of the 1 in 60 Rule
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Glide Slope
- The 1 in 60 rule can be used to calculate the height of the aircraft on a glide slope.
- The rate of descent can be calculated using the 1 in 60 rule.
Topographical Maps and Map Reading
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Map Symbols
- Different symbols are used to represent different features on a topographical map.
- The symbol for an unlighted obstacle is a triangle.
- The symbol for a lighted obstruction is a circle.
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Map Reading
- The aircraft's position can be determined by using the map to measure the distance and direction from known landmarks.
Convergence and Conversion Angle
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Convergence
- Convergence is the angle between the meridians at two different points on the Earth's surface.
- Convergence can be calculated using the formula: convergency = ch.long x sin mean lat.
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Conversion Angle
- The conversion angle is the angle between the rhumb line and the great circle.
- The conversion angle can be calculated using the formula: conversion angle = ½ x convergency.### Navigation Fundamentals
- The circumference of the Earth is approximately 40,075 km (24,901 nm).
- 1 nautical mile (nm) is equal to 1,852 meters (6,076.1 feet).
- An ICAO nautical mile is defined as 1,852 meters (6,076.1 feet).
Latitude and Longitude
- The shortest distance between two points on the surface of the Earth is a great circle route.
- Latitude is the angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface from the Equator, measured from -90° to 90°.
- Longitude is the angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface from the Prime Meridian, measured from -180° to 180°.
Convergence and Departure
- Convergence is the angle between a meridian and a rhumb line at a given latitude.
- Departure is the distance between two given meridians, measured along a stated parallel, and expressed in nautical miles.
Mercator Charts
- A Mercator chart is a cylindrical conformal map projection.
- Rhumb lines are represented as straight lines on a Mercator chart.
- Great circles are not represented as straight lines on a Mercator chart.
- Scale factor along the meridian is 1, and along the parallels is sec λ.
- Convergence between the aircraft's meridian and the meridian of the NDB is important when plotting on a Mercator chart.
Lambert's Conformal Chart
- A Lambert's conformal chart is a conical conformal map projection.
- Scale on a Lambert's conformal chart varies slightly as a function of latitude and longitude.
- Constant of the cone is important in determining the scale of the chart.
- The best chart made by Lambert's conformal projection is between the latitudes of 12°S and 74°N (or S).
Ellipticity of the Earth
- The value of ellipticity of the Earth is 1/297.
- Semi-major axis of the Earth, measured at the axis of the Equator, is approximately 6,378.4 km.
- Semi-major axis of the Earth, measured at the axis of the Poles, is approximately 6,356.9 km.
Magnetic Variation
- Magnetic variation changes slowly over time.
- At the magnetic equator, dip is zero.
- Magnetic variation on a chart changes with time due to movement of the magnetic poles.
Aircraft Performance
- Pressure altitude is affected by temperature and elevation.
- Density altitude is important for aircraft performance.
- True airspeed (TAS) is affected by wind and Mach number.
Wind and Drift
- Drift is the angle between the aircraft's heading and track.
- Wind velocity is important for calculating drift and groundspeed.
- Crosswind is an important factor to consider when landing.
Time and Speed
- Time to go can be calculated using groundspeed and distance to go.
- Course, TAS, and wind velocity are important for calculating true track.
Others
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Scale on a chart can be expressed by the representative fraction, plain statement, or graduated scale.
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A direct Mercator graticule is rectangular.
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On a normal Mercator chart, great circles are not represented as straight lines.
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A polar chart is the best between 90° and 74° (either of N or S) and is made by a Gnomonic or Stereographic projection.### Navigation Questions
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The text contains 53 navigation questions, ranging from topics such as True Mach Number, track and groundspeed, to INS-equipped aircraft, charts, and time theory.
Question Breakdown
- Questions 1-22: Focus on topics such as Mach Number, track and groundspeed, wind velocity, airfield elevation, and navigation charts.
- Questions 23-26: Cover time theory, including perihelion, aphelion, equinoxes, and the declination of the sun.
- Questions 27-32: Discuss topics like Local Mean Time, Zone Time, and the conversion of longitude to time.
- Questions 33-36: Explore gridded charts, including conformal conic charts, polar stereographic charts, and the relationship between grid and true tracks.
- Questions 37-41: Delve into the direct indicating compass, including its requirements, acceleration errors, and magnetic deviation.
Key Concepts
- True Mach Number (TMN) and its calculation
- Track and groundspeed, including the effects of wind velocity
- Airfield elevation and its impact on pressure altitude
- Navigation charts, including Mercator and Transverse Mercator charts
- Time theory, including the Earth's orbit and the declination of the sun
- Local Mean Time, Zone Time, and the conversion of longitude to time
- Gridded charts, including conformal conic and polar stereographic charts
- The direct indicating compass, including its requirements, acceleration errors, and magnetic deviation
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Description
Learn about the fundamentals of navigation, including the Earth's dimensions, latitude and longitude, and units of measurement. Understand the concept of graticules, great circles, and nautical miles.