Geography: Navigation Basics
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What is the approximate compression of the Earth?

  • 0.3% (correct)
  • 3%
  • 0.03%
  • 1/3000

    • A Graticule is the name given to:

  • A series of Latitude and Longitude lines drawn on a chart or map
  • Both a & b are correct (correct)
  • A series of lines drawn on a chart
  • A selection of small circles as you get nearer to either pole

    • A great circle has its North vertex at 70N 130E. What is the position of its South vertex?

  • 70S 050E (correct)
  • 70N 050E
  • 70N 050W
  • 70S 050W

    • Given the compression of the Earth is 1/297 and the semi-major axis at the Equator is 6378.4 km, what is the semi-major axis at the Poles?

    <p>6356.9 Km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nautical mile is defined as:

    <p>The length of the arc of a great circle which subtends an angle of one minute in the center of the Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are correctly on the glideslope and passing a height of 1000 feet QFE. What is your range from the touchdown point? (Assume 1 nm = 6000 feet)

    <p>4 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an aircraft is 3° off the required track at a range of 120 nm, how far in nautical miles (nm) is the aircraft off the required track?

    <p>6 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An aircraft leaves point A to fly to point B, 95 nautical miles distance. The aircraft's position is found from a 'pinpoint' 7 nm right of track after flying 35 nm. What is the track error?

    <p>14° right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On a chart, 49 nautical miles is represented by 7.0 centimeters. What is the scale?

    <p>1/1,296,400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of projection is a normal Mercator chart?

    <p>cylindrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The correct combination of the statements Cylindrical, Perspective, Non-Perspective, Conformal, Conical, Azimuthal:

    <p>(i), (iii) and (iv)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A direct Mercator graticule is:

    <p>Rectangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On a normal Mercator chart, rhumb lines are represented as:

    <p>Curves convex to the Equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On a direct Mercator, Great Circles can be represented as:

    <p>Straight lines and curves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On a direct Mercator, with the exception of the meridians and the Equator, Great Circles are represented as:

    <p>Curves concave to the Nearer Pole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The angle between a straight line on a Mercator chart and the corresponding great circle is:

    <p>Earth convergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do `equinoxes' occur?

    <p>March and September</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When it is the Winter Solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, the sun will be overhead?

    <p>the Tropic of Capricorn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle between the Equinoctial and Ecliptic?

    <p>23'/20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Declination of a celestial body (the Sun) measured on the Celestial Sphere is analogous to which on Earth?

    <p>latitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sidereal day is?

    <p>equal to a real solar day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At a specific location, the value of magnetic variation depends on:

    <p>the value of true heading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the magnetic equator, which of the following is zero?

    <p>Variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The value of magnetic variation on a chart changes with time due to:

    <p>movement of the magnetic poles, causing an increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the direct reading magnetic compass made aperiodic?

    <p>keeping the magnetic assembly mass close to the pivot point and using damping wires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the navigation terms with their definitions:

    <p>Convergence, Deviation, Variation = Angle between true north and compass north, Angle between magnetic and true north, Angle between grid north and magnetic north Isogonal, Dip, Drift = Line along which the declination is the same, Angle between a horizontal plane and the magnetic field, Angle between the track made good and a true course Perihelion, Aphelion, Equinox = Point in a planet's orbit that is nearest to the Sun, Point in a planet's orbit that is farthest from the Sun, Time when the plane of the Earth's equator passes through the center of the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The period of validity of an FMS database is:

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an IRS, what is the relationship between the accelerometers and the platform?

    <p>The accelerometers are strapped down but the platform is gyro stabilised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the FMC position represent?

    <p>Computer generated from the IRS and radio navigation positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is magnetic variation information obtained in a Flight Management system (FMS)?

    <p>Stored in each IRS memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When and where are IRS positions typically updated?

    <p>Only on the ground during the alignment procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a position in the southern hemisphere, the effect of acceleration errors are greatest on headings:

    <p>135°(C) and 315°(C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An aircraft in the southern hemisphere is turning from a heading of 045 °(C) to 315 °(C) using a DGI. At the end of the turn the compass will read _____ than 315 ° and liquid swirl will _____ this effect.

    <p>more increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a standby compass the magnet system is immersed in a transparent liquid. The purpose of this liquid is to:

    <p>increase sensitivity at high latitudes, lubricate bearings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To improve the horizontality of a compass, the magnet assembly is suspended from a point:

    <p>above the centre of gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The magnitude and sense of turning error shown by a direct reading compass varies with:

    <p>only 1, 3, 5 and 6 are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a sustained turn ____ the nearer magnetic pole, the effect of liquid swirl will ____ compass turning error.

    <p>away from - increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When carrying out a turn at the magnetic equator there will be:

    <p>a tendency to underread turns through south and overread turns through north</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is your true track if the heading is 156°T, TAS is 320 knots, and W/V is 130/45?

    <p>160</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you are heading 345°M with a variation of 20°E and take a radar bearing of 30° left of the nose from an island, what bearing do you plot?

    <p>160°T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given a pressure altitude of FL55, a QNH of 998, and SAT of +30°C, what is the Density Altitude?

    <p>7750 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is convergence on a Transverse Mercator chart correct?

    <p>the datum meridian and the Equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the last point at which an INS or IRS may be selected to NAV mode?

    <p>Immediately prior to push back or taxy from the gate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On a particular take-off, if you can accept up to 10 knots tailwind, with a QDM of 047, variation of 17°E, and wind direction of 210, what is the maximum wind strength you can accept?

    <p>11 knots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the agonic line?

    <p>is midway between the magnetic North and South poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On a 12% glide slope with a groundspeed of 540 knots, what is your rate of descent?

    <p>6550 feet/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sensor of an INS/IRS measure?

    <p>displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At 65 nm from a VOR, descending from FL330 to FL100 with a mean groundspeed of 240 knots, what rate of descent is required?

    <p>1630 feet/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an Inertial Navigation System, what is the output of the first stage North/South integrator?

    <p>latitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which month does aphelion occur?

    <p>July</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest latitude listed below at which the sun will rise above the horizon and set every day?

    <p>66° N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given a pressure altitude of 29000 feet and SAT of -55°C, what is the density altitude?

    <p>26000 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From point A to B, a 2368 nautical mile journey with outbound groundspeed of 365 knots, homebound groundspeed of 480 knots, and 8 hours 30 minutes safe endurance, what is the time to the PNR?

    <p>290 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the UTC time of sunrise in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (49N 123 30W) on the 6th December?

    <p>2324 UTC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does scale change on a normal Mercator chart?

    <p>Expands as the secant z (2 co-latitude)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you are on an ILS 3-degree glideslope passing over the runway threshold at 50 feet and your DME range is 25 nm from the threshold, what is your height above the runway threshold elevation?

    <p>7450 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At 1200 Standard Time in Queensland, Australia on the 10th July, what is the Standard Time in Hawaii, USA?

    <p>1600 ST 09 July</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Here are the study notes for the text:

    • Direction, Latitude, and Longitude
      • The Earth's compression is approximately 1/297.
      • The semi-major axis of the Earth at the equator is 6378.4 km.
      • The semi-major axis of the Earth at the poles is 6356.9 km.
      • A graticule is a series of lines drawn on a chart, including latitude and longitude lines.
      • A great circle is the shortest distance between two points on the Earth's surface.
      • A nautical mile is defined as the length of the arc of a great circle which subtends an angle of one minute in the center of the Earth.

    Great Circles, Rhumb Lines, and Distances on the Earth

    • Change of Latitude and Longitude
      • Change of latitude is calculated by subtracting the latitude of the initial position from the latitude of the final position.
      • Change of longitude is calculated by subtracting the longitude of the initial position from the longitude of the final position.
    • Rhumb Lines
      • A rhumb line is a line that crosses all meridians at the same angle.
      • A rhumb line is not a great circle, but it is a line of constant direction.
      • The shortest distance between two points on the Earth's surface is along a great circle, not a rhumb line.

    Earth Magnetism

    • Magnetic Variation
      • Magnetic variation is the angle between the direction indicated by a compass and magnetic north.
      • Magnetic variation changes with time due to the movement of the magnetic poles.
      • Isogonals are lines of equal magnetic variation.
    • Dip Angle
      • The dip angle is the angle between the horizontal and the total magnetic force.
      • The dip angle is zero at the magnetic equator and 90° at the magnetic poles.

    Wind Components

    • Wind Directions
      • The wind direction is measured from the true north.
      • The wind direction is given in the TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast) as a 3-digit code (e.g., 310/25).
    • Headwind and Crosswind Components
      • The headwind component is the wind speed component that is directly in line with the aircraft's direction of motion.
      • The crosswind component is the wind speed component that is perpendicular to the aircraft's direction of motion.

    The 1 in 60 Rule

    • Track Error
      • Track error is the angle between the aircraft's actual track and the required track.
      • Track error can be calculated using the 1 in 60 rule.
    • Correction of Track
      • To correct for track error, the aircraft must fly a heading that is equal to the required track plus the track error.
    • Position Fixing
      • The 1 in 60 rule can be used to determine the aircraft's position by measuring the angle between the actual track and the required track.
      • The distance off track can be calculated using the 1 in 60 rule.

    Other Applications of the 1 in 60 Rule

    • Glide Slope
      • The 1 in 60 rule can be used to calculate the height of the aircraft on a glide slope.
      • The rate of descent can be calculated using the 1 in 60 rule.

    Topographical Maps and Map Reading

    • Map Symbols
      • Different symbols are used to represent different features on a topographical map.
      • The symbol for an unlighted obstacle is a triangle.
      • The symbol for a lighted obstruction is a circle.
    • Map Reading
      • The aircraft's position can be determined by using the map to measure the distance and direction from known landmarks.

    Convergence and Conversion Angle

    • Convergence
      • Convergence is the angle between the meridians at two different points on the Earth's surface.
      • Convergence can be calculated using the formula: convergency = ch.long x sin mean lat.
    • Conversion Angle
      • The conversion angle is the angle between the rhumb line and the great circle.
      • The conversion angle can be calculated using the formula: conversion angle = ½ x convergency.### Navigation Fundamentals
    • The circumference of the Earth is approximately 40,075 km (24,901 nm).
    • 1 nautical mile (nm) is equal to 1,852 meters (6,076.1 feet).
    • An ICAO nautical mile is defined as 1,852 meters (6,076.1 feet).

    Latitude and Longitude

    • The shortest distance between two points on the surface of the Earth is a great circle route.
    • Latitude is the angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface from the Equator, measured from -90° to 90°.
    • Longitude is the angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface from the Prime Meridian, measured from -180° to 180°.

    Convergence and Departure

    • Convergence is the angle between a meridian and a rhumb line at a given latitude.
    • Departure is the distance between two given meridians, measured along a stated parallel, and expressed in nautical miles.

    Mercator Charts

    • A Mercator chart is a cylindrical conformal map projection.
    • Rhumb lines are represented as straight lines on a Mercator chart.
    • Great circles are not represented as straight lines on a Mercator chart.
    • Scale factor along the meridian is 1, and along the parallels is sec λ.
    • Convergence between the aircraft's meridian and the meridian of the NDB is important when plotting on a Mercator chart.

    Lambert's Conformal Chart

    • A Lambert's conformal chart is a conical conformal map projection.
    • Scale on a Lambert's conformal chart varies slightly as a function of latitude and longitude.
    • Constant of the cone is important in determining the scale of the chart.
    • The best chart made by Lambert's conformal projection is between the latitudes of 12°S and 74°N (or S).

    Ellipticity of the Earth

    • The value of ellipticity of the Earth is 1/297.
    • Semi-major axis of the Earth, measured at the axis of the Equator, is approximately 6,378.4 km.
    • Semi-major axis of the Earth, measured at the axis of the Poles, is approximately 6,356.9 km.

    Magnetic Variation

    • Magnetic variation changes slowly over time.
    • At the magnetic equator, dip is zero.
    • Magnetic variation on a chart changes with time due to movement of the magnetic poles.

    Aircraft Performance

    • Pressure altitude is affected by temperature and elevation.
    • Density altitude is important for aircraft performance.
    • True airspeed (TAS) is affected by wind and Mach number.

    Wind and Drift

    • Drift is the angle between the aircraft's heading and track.
    • Wind velocity is important for calculating drift and groundspeed.
    • Crosswind is an important factor to consider when landing.

    Time and Speed

    • Time to go can be calculated using groundspeed and distance to go.
    • Course, TAS, and wind velocity are important for calculating true track.

    Others

    • Scale on a chart can be expressed by the representative fraction, plain statement, or graduated scale.

    • A direct Mercator graticule is rectangular.

    • On a normal Mercator chart, great circles are not represented as straight lines.

    • A polar chart is the best between 90° and 74° (either of N or S) and is made by a Gnomonic or Stereographic projection.### Navigation Questions

    • The text contains 53 navigation questions, ranging from topics such as True Mach Number, track and groundspeed, to INS-equipped aircraft, charts, and time theory.

    Question Breakdown

    • Questions 1-22: Focus on topics such as Mach Number, track and groundspeed, wind velocity, airfield elevation, and navigation charts.
    • Questions 23-26: Cover time theory, including perihelion, aphelion, equinoxes, and the declination of the sun.
    • Questions 27-32: Discuss topics like Local Mean Time, Zone Time, and the conversion of longitude to time.
    • Questions 33-36: Explore gridded charts, including conformal conic charts, polar stereographic charts, and the relationship between grid and true tracks.
    • Questions 37-41: Delve into the direct indicating compass, including its requirements, acceleration errors, and magnetic deviation.

    Key Concepts

    • True Mach Number (TMN) and its calculation
    • Track and groundspeed, including the effects of wind velocity
    • Airfield elevation and its impact on pressure altitude
    • Navigation charts, including Mercator and Transverse Mercator charts
    • Time theory, including the Earth's orbit and the declination of the sun
    • Local Mean Time, Zone Time, and the conversion of longitude to time
    • Gridded charts, including conformal conic and polar stereographic charts
    • The direct indicating compass, including its requirements, acceleration errors, and magnetic deviation

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    Description

    Learn about the fundamentals of navigation, including the Earth's dimensions, latitude and longitude, and units of measurement. Understand the concept of graticules, great circles, and nautical miles.

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