Geography: Globalization and Development

• Geography studies how human societies organize and transform spaces

Globalization

• Globalization is the process of intensifying and liberalizing exchanges on a planetary scale
• This phenomenon began in 1970-1980, aided by factors like the internet, containers, and the end of the Cold War

Developed vs. Non-Developed Countries

• F. Lenglet distinguishes between developed and non-developed countries
• Some countries take "false routes," while others discover the keys to development
• False keys include climate, sociocultural factors (religious mentalities), and politics (democracy, if favorable)
• Nobel economists believe development hinges on guaranteeing property rights and the need to work to earn money and rise in society

Case Study: India - Challenges

• India faces demographic, social, environmental, and policy-related challenges

Demographic Challenges

• India's population has grown by about 50% every 20 years since 1940
• Population figures:
  • 1960: 500 million
  • 1980: 750 million
  • 2000: 1 billion
  • 2025: 1.4 billion
• Birth rates are declining due to progress, but still stagnate
• The number of children per woman remains the same, but infant mortality decreases
• Later family awareness and decreased wealth due to inheritance division among more children are noted
• Rural exodus causes housing difficulties
• Increased education among women leads to different life aspirations compared to their mothers and grandmothers
• Population growth is significantly influenced by demographic transition

Demographic Transition

• Demographic transition involves a shift from a "pre-transitional" demographic regime (high birth and death rates, low natural increase) to a "post-transitional" regime (low birth and death rates, low natural increase)
• During the transition phase, mortality rates decrease
• India's demographic transition started in the 1920s, with phase 2 beginning in 1970
• By 1970, India faced a birth rate peak
• The ideal fertility rate is 2.05
• Fertility rate in India
  • 1970: 6
  • 2000: 3
  • 2023: 2.01
• There is a shortage of 63 million women in India
• The natural sex ratio is 100 girls per 105 boys for every 100 girls. In India, it is 930 girls per 1000 boys
• This is due to illegal abortions because Indian families often prefer sons, and daughters may receive less attention and care
• There is an Indian saying: "Raising a daughter is like watering your neighbor's garden," referencing the dowry system

Social and Environmental Challenges

• India's socio-economic challenge includes a 7% annual growth rate, but growth is very unequal, increasing inequalities
• India ranks as the 5th richest power in the world
• It lies at 122nd out of 150 countries in GDP per capita
• France is the 7th world power, and 25th in GDP per capita
• The literacy rate is 77% (70% for women, 85% for men), compared to 17% at independence in 1947

Environmental Factors

• India's environmental challenge: significant pollution
• Energy mix: 55% coal, 30% oil, 8% natural gas
• 70% of electric production depends on coal
• Greenhouse gas emissions, comparing 1990 to 2018:
  • India: x3 increase
  • World: +67% increase
• India is the 2nd largest coal producer, with 10% + 15% of the world's coal reserves, and the 2nd largest importer
• Coal is used as fuel in thermal power plants, providing cheap energy

Policies for development in India

• There are demographic and environmental aspects of development

Demographic limits

• Female sterilization was forced under the state of emergency in 1975, and it is now legal
• Sterilization rates
  • 37.9% in 2022
  • 36% in 2016
• Populations are traumatized by forced sterilization: 1/3 of married women, or 180 million

Environmental limits

• Reliance on cheap coal causes environmental costs and significant pollution, and smog
• The level of water tables is diminishing

Social limits

• India's development strategy has increased inequality, including access to services
• India had the largest number of people living below the extreme poverty line: 70 million people, which is now the 2nd lowest income country by average
• The majority of India's wealth is held by a minority of the population -1% of the richest population in have 40% of the country's 66% heritage
  • 50% of the poorest people have 6% of the heritage
• In comparison, the richest 1% in France hold 15% of the heritage
• The poorest populations live in slums
  • Dharavi, near Mumbai, with 600,000 inhabitants
  • Oranji Town, near Karachi, Pakistan, with 1.5 million inhabitants
• The unemployment rate in India is 8%, but women are discouraged from working: only 20% of women work
• The Indian economy offers few jobs, and millions of qualified individuals cannot find employment

China's Demographic Challenges

• 1976: unexpected recovery of birth rates
• 1979: one-child policy was adopted
• Families with more than one child faced heavy penalties -Imposed taxes -Difficulty finding jobs -Difficulty finding places Result: The birth rate continued to decline
• The aging of the population increased
• 2005: The aging of the Chinese population was observed with the share of over 65s increasing
• The income in China has risen, and the birth rates have dropped

Demography in China

• 2010s: Chinese officials tried to rectify the birth rate
• 2013: the policy of the unique child was relaxed to allow couples with a single child to have a second
• 2016: officials ended the policy of the unique child
• 2021: China permitted three children
• It was anticipated that the workforce would weaken the country
• One strategy to avoid this was to raise taxes
• Another strategy was to push back the age of retirement to 64 for men and around 50 for women

Global Population Trends

• A strong, slowing demographic increase
• Population bomb defused
• Overpopulation is relative
• There is a relationship between a population, resources (food, housing, etc.)

Population Figures

• 0 AD: 250 million
• 1800: 1 billion
• 1950: 2.5 billion
• 1987: 5 billion
• 1999: 6 billion
• Every 12 years, the population increases by 1 billion globally
• 2011: 7 billion
• 2023: 8 billion
• The growth of the population plateaued in 2050 and will decline in 2100

Global Aging

• Median age
  • 1970: 21
  • today: 31
• Plus 65 years: 9% of which 16% by 2050, and 25% of the population being less that 15 years
• Developed countries have the most aging compared
• 2021: 20.5% of the population are over 65 years
• In Japan, 10% of the population is 80 or more, and 30% are 65+

Demographic Dividend

• The fertility rate of the developed countries is 1.7
• The population by 2050 will be over 65s in developed countries
• The life expectancy in developing is 80 years
• The most advanced countries only have 4% that are 65+, and the fertility rate is 4.1, so there is a life expectancy of 65 years

France Demographics

• 2023: 68 million
• Birth rate is lower
• +81,000 in 2021
• +50,000 in 2022
• Fertility rates are lower -2022: 1.79 -2023: 1.69
• Fertility rate in France is enviable compared to European countries -Roumania: 1.71

Death rates

• Increased since 2004
• 2004: 524,000
• 2019: 610,000
• 2020: 670,000
• 2021: 662,000
• 2022: 667,000
• 2023: 640,000
• Aging population
• Immigration has been key in solving the countries birth and fertility issues
• Immigration levels consist of
  • Residents in France (2.5 million naturalized,and 4.8 million of foreign nationality)
  • Foreign population of 5.6 million (4.8 immigrants and 800,000 Immigrants that are not immigrants)
• 20% of Frances population is over 65+

Demographic Transition Model

• A demographic transition model exists with varying socioeconomic issues

Regime Demographics

• Young countries are in need, and face strong demographic growth, which challenges developing countries
• These countries need to provide basic things
• Old/ rich countries, face financial problems, because they cannot afford to fund people in retirement
• Healthcare is also an issue, because 3/4 of the issues faced are during the last year of life

Demographic Scenarios

• These scenarios are based on the economies in the area

• The fertility rate due to religion in Niger, the 2nd phase has been high fertility

• The fertility index in Niger has been recorded as of 2015 and 2022

  • 7.5
  • 6.75

• France obtained its independence back in 1960

• People in the 1960s was 3 million, this increased over the next 5 decades

• The expected population by 2100 is calculated at 195 million

• These countries are facing economic difficulties because of this population

Morroco Demographics

• Morocco is in the works of completing its demographic transition
• There are currently 37 million inhabitants
• By 2040, the population will balance
• The economic gains have been high because of the demographic division

Family Planning

• Family planning is a way to control birth and family numbers