Geography Chapter 1: The North and The South

The Contemporary World

• The North (First World Countries):
  • Comprise countries with developed economies, accounting for over 90% of global manufacturing industries
  • Include North America, Western Europe, Australia, and Japan
  • Characterized by high GDP, low population, and high standard of living
• The South (Third World Countries):
  • Comprise countries with developing economies
  • Include Africa, Latin America, and Asia
  • Characterized by low GDP, high population, and low standard of living
  • 5% of the population has access to food and shelter

Regionalism

• Regionalism: a political ideology that favors a specific region over the greater area
• Regions: a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area
• Examples of regional organizations:
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
  • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
  • Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
  • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Media

• Definition: a means of conveying information or a channel of communication
• Examples:
  • Facebook: a social media platform with 1.19 billion monthly active users
  • LinkedIn: a professional networking platform
• Stereotypes: fixed, over-generalized beliefs about a particular group or class of people
• Jürgen Habermas: a philosopher who focused on the survival of democracy in the face of technological advancements

Global City

• Definition: a city that serves as a significant production point of specialized financial and producer services, making it an important node in the global economic system
• Examples: New York, London, Tokyo
• Knowledge workers: high-level employees who apply theoretical and analytical knowledge to develop new products or services
• Indicators of a global city:
  • Economic power
  • Centers of authority
  • Political influence

International Migration

• Categories of international migrants:
  • Temporary labor migrants (guest-workers or overseas contract workers)
  • Highly skilled and business migrants
  • Irregular migrants (undocumented or illegal migrants)
  • Refugees
  • Asylum-seekers
  • Forced migrants

Sustainable Development

• Definition: a concept that aims to harmonize economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection
• Environmental sustainability: preventing the overuse of natural resources and ensuring their rational use
• Social sustainability: fostering the development of people, communities, and cultures to achieve a reasonable and fairly-distributed quality of life
• Economic sustainability: focusing on equal economic growth that generates wealth for all without harming the environment

Food Security

• Factors affecting food security:
  • Climate change
  • Technology
  • Loss of farmland
  • Pests and diseases
  • Water stress

Global Citizenship

• Definition: a person who is aware of their role as a world citizen, respects diversity, understands global issues, and takes action to make a positive impact
• Characteristics of a global citizen:
  • Aware of the wider world
  • Respects and values diversity
  • Understands how the world works
  • Is outraged by social injustice
  • Participates in the community at local and global levels
  • Takes responsibility for their actions

Jose Rizal's Writings

• Annotation of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas:
  • Written by Jose Rizal in 1889, an annotation of Morga's work published in 1609
  • Rizal chose to annotate Morga's work due to its rarity, secular view of historical events, and sympathetic portrayal of the natives
  • Presented a critical narrative of the country's history, aiming to create a sense of national consciousness and identity
  • Rizal's annotations revealed early Filipino culture as rich and flourishing, contradicting early Spanish chroniclers' accounts of Filipinos as barbarians
• Noli Me Tangere:
  • Jose Rizal's first novel, published in 1887
  • Portrayed the lives of characters in diverse positions, representing the social and political realities of 19th century Philippines
  • Exposed the ills of colonial society, highlighting the importance of education and the need for emancipation from colonial rule
  • Rizal's friends commended the novel, but it was criticized by the friars and banned by the Spanish government
• El Filibusterismo:
  • Jose Rizal's second novel, published in 1891
  • Set in the twilight years of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines
  • Deals with subversion, portraying the lives of people under an oppressive regime
  • Dedicated to the three priests who were accused of being filibusters in 1872
  • Rizal's biographers opined that El Fili showed his maturity as a novelist
  • The novel remains socially relevant today, exposing the persistence of ills such as inept leadership, corruption, and abuse of women

Characters and their Representation

• Noli Me Tangere Characters:

  • Juan Crisostomo Ibarra: The main character, a gentleman who studied in Europe, idealistic and dreaming of contributing to change in the society
  • Don Rafael Ibarra: The father of Crisostomo, a person of principles and dignity, who died in prison due to injustice and abuse of power
  • Elias: A rebel, symbolizing the less fortunate Filipinos who believed that uprising could be a means to end their poverty and abuse in the societyHere are the study notes for the text:

• Noli Me Tangere Characters and their Representation*

• Maria Clara: symbolizes a Filipina who is educated, modest, faithful, reserved, and conservative

• Sisa: symbolizes a mother who would do everything for the sake of her children

• Kapitan Tiago: symbolizes the Filipinos who are passive and thought of their welfare first

• Padre Damaso: symbolizes the abusive leaders of the church and society

• Doña Victorina: symbolizes the Filipinos who would give up their principles and identities as a Filipino just to be part of the higher society

• Doña Patrocinio: symbolizes the Filipina who wants to hide her bad attitudes by being prayerful

• Pilosopo Tasio: symbolizes a Filipino who is intelligent and speaks for his principles

• El Filibusterismo Characters and Representations*

• Simoun: symbolizes a Filipino who becomes pessimistic due to the cruel society

• Basilio: a medicine student and the boyfriend of Juli

• Isagani: a student leader and the boyfriend of Maria Paulita Gomez

• G. Pasta: a former idealistic Filipino but became self-centered due to government corruption

• Juli: the girlfriend of Basilio who experiences misfortunes and eventually commits suicide

• Cabesang Tales: a farmer who becomes a victim of the corporation of the friars

• Placido Penitente: a student from the province who joins Simoun's plan

• Don Custodio: a Spaniard in a high government position despite lacking education and skills

• Maria Paulita Gomez: the girlfriend of Isagani who marries another man due to her aunt's request

• Padre Florentino: a good Filipino priest and relative of Isagani

• Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Compared*

• Noli Me Tangere:

  • Published in Berlin, Germany in 1887
  • Influenced by "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
  • A novel that exposes the real situation in the Philippines

• El Filibusterismo:

  • Published in Ghent, Belgium in 1891
  • Dedicated to the GOMBURZA
  • A darker and more tragic novel than Noli Me Tangere
  • Shorter than Noli Me Tangere with 38 chapters compared to 64 chapters

• Other Writings of Jose Rizal*

• The Philippines a Century Hence: an essay that presents compelling arguments on what the state of the country will be like in the future

  • The Philippines will remain a colony of Spain if reforms are not implemented
  • Otherwise, the country will become independent after a violent and bloody revolution

• On the Indolence of the Filipinos: an essay that addresses the accusations made by foreign observers

  • The lack of education and freedom are the root causes of indolence
  • The government did not provide economic and moral incentives to encourage industry among the Filipinos

• Letters to the Young Women of Malolos: a letter that commends the young women of Malolos for fighting for their rights for education

  • Rizal emphasizes the importance of education and freedom for Filipino women
  • He advises young women to be vigilant over their rights and not be docile and passive towards injustices

• Jose Rizal and the Philippine Nationalism: Hero and Heroism*

• Heroism:

  • Concept from Greek mythology
  • A person with extraordinary strength and abilities

• Bayani:

  • Concept and word with Filipino roots
  • Can refer to a person, an heroic act, or an heroic group### Heroes and Bayani

• In the context of mythology, heroes (mga bayani) refer to those who possess god-like qualities, extraordinary strength, bravery, or ability.

• Ambeth Ocampo notes that "bayani" comes from "bayan," which can refer to a place, a town, municipality, pueblo, or nation, and also to people who originate from the same place (kababayan).

• Bayan can also refer to the day, time of day, or weather, or to the community or nation.

• Ocampo concludes that "hero" and "bayani" do not have the same meaning, with "bayani" being a richer word that may be rooted in "bayan" as a place or doing something great for the community or nation.

Jose Rizal and Philippine Nationalism

• Jose Rizal is considered the greatest national hero of the Philippines, with his own merits and qualities contributing to his status.
• Rizal's writings contributed significantly to the formation of Filipino nationality.
• Rizal is honored after death for his exceptional service to humanity, making him the greatest Filipino hero.

National Symbols

• A symbol elicits thoughts and represents a thing, and people associate it with something meaningful or standard.
• National symbols provoke a sense of nationalism and are used to identify a country and unite its citizens.
• The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) recognizes Rizal as a symbol of national solidarity, representing Philippine sovereignty and ideals.

Values Highlighted by Rizal's Life

• Patriotism and nationalism: desire for political freedom and independence
• Faith in God
• Love of fellowmen
• Love of parents
• Devotion to truth
• Purity and idealism
• Noble thought and conduct
• Charity
• Dedication to duty
• Moral courage
• Willpower
• Integrity
• Sincerity
• Self-denial
• Perseverance
• Discipline and self-control
• Initiative
• Prudence
• Chivalry
• Courtesy
• Politeness
• Frugality
• Love of justice

Why Rizal is the Greatest National Hero

• Rizal took an admirable part in the Propaganda Campaign.
• Rizal's writings contributed to the formation of Filipino nationality.
• Rizal is a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger.
• Rizal is honored after death for exceptional service to humanity.

Filipino Nationalism

• Filipino nationalism emerged in the 19th century as a result of more than two centuries of Spanish rule.
• The Propaganda Movement (1872-1892) served as the backbone of the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
• Rizal is considered the father of Filipino Nationalism.

Factors Contributing to the Development of Filipino Nationalism

• The Revolution in Europe and Latin America opened the Philippines to international trade.
• The rise of a middle class led to the emergence of the ilustrado elites who became the main agitators against the Spanish Regime.
• The bureaucratic centralized government in Manila caused widespread discontent.
• The execution of the Gomburza sparked widespread outrage.
• The Propaganda Movement (1872-1892) contributed to the development of Filipino nationalism.

Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws

• There is no law or executive order proclaiming a Filipino historical figure as a national hero.
• Despite this, laws have been enacted to honor these heroes, and their appreciation is left to academics.
• The National Heroes Committee was established in 1993 to study, evaluate, and recommend Filipino national personages/heroes.

Criteria for National Heroes

• The extent of a person's sacrifices for the welfare of the country
• The motive and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal
• The moral character of the person concerned
• The influence of the person concerned on their age and succeeding age
• Heroes define and contribute to a system or life of freedom and order for a nation
• Heroes contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation
• A hero is part of the people's expression
• A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations