Questions and Answers
What is space-time convergence?
Define comparative advantage.
The ability of a region or country to produce goods at a lower cost than other areas.
What transportation development linked Buffalo and Albany?
Erie Canal
What has happened to the cost of long-distance calls since 1919?
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What major canal was completed in 1869, linking Western Europe to East Asia?
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What characterizes the Age of Imperialism?
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What is a shipping container?
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Which of the following types of Transnational Corporations (TNC) is controlled by a central HQ with overseas operations?
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What economic ideology emphasizes small government, deregulation, and free trade?
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Cultural regions are defined as areas with fixed boundaries.
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What does spatial diffusion refer to?
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What does the diffusion of disease illustrate?
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What is the term for the connection between culture and specific places?
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What does deterritorialization of culture mean?
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Match the architectural styles with their definitions.
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Study Notes
Space-Time Convergence
- Refers to the reduction in time required to traverse distances, enhancing economic transactions.
- Facilitates cheaper transportation of goods and people, fostering tighter global connections.
- Historical milestones include the invention of the wheel and improvements in transport infrastructure.
Comparative Advantage
- Exists when a region can produce goods at a lower cost than others, benefiting from low transport costs.
- The U.S. became more efficient in wheat production than Britain in the late 19th century due to lower land and labor costs.
Erie Canal
- Constructed between 1817 and 1825, linking Buffalo and Albany, significantly reducing travel time and costs from $100 to $5 per ton of freight.
- Spurred economic growth by transforming remote villages into thriving towns, integrating local economies into national and global markets.
Time-Cost Compression
- Emerged post-telephone invention, focusing on reduced communication costs over distance.
- From $300 for a ten-minute call in 1919 to negligible costs today, mirroring trends in internet connectivity.
- Leads to the creation of new markets and economic geographies.
Three Waves of Globalization
- First Wave: Post-Columbian Encounter in 1492, leading to global economic systems and demographic changes.
- Second Wave: Economic expansions with low tariffs and a reliance on global communications such as steam and rail.
- Third Wave: Emphasizes global production chains and a deregulated financial system enabling swift economic connections.
Highway to India
- The Suez Canal, completed in 1869, significantly shortened travel times between Western Europe and East Asia.
- Critical to British interests in maintaining control over trade routes to India and mitigating regional instability.
Age of Imperialism
- Characterized by the protection of home industries and acquisition of overseas colonies (1865-1914).
- Emphasized cheap raw materials and market security, solidifying economic dominance through territory control.
Shipping Container
- Standardized containers revolutionized logistics by lowering shipping costs and reducing transit times.
- Facilitates global trade, enabling efficient transitions between transportation modes (ship, train, truck).
Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
- Four types exist: Multinationals, International, Global, and Integrated Networks.
- Examples include Nike utilizing an integrated network model, while Toyota and Starbucks exemplify variations in global strategy execution.
Just-in-Time Production
- Adopted by companies like H&M, enabling low inventory levels by aligning production with real-time demand.
- Quick adaptability in low-wage sectors meets diverse consumer needs promptly.
Nongovernmental Agencies
- Key players in global economics: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and World Trade Organization (WTO).
- The IMF ensures currency stability; the World Bank focuses on poverty eradication; the WTO promotes lower trade barriers.
Neoliberalism
- Advocates for minimal government interference, deregulation, low taxes, and privatization.
- Secures corporate profitability but shows discrepancies in practice as subsidies and tariffs remain prevalent worldwide.
Flat World Concept
- Introduced by Friedman, represents the reduction of economic barriers.
- Highlights variations in globalization effects across different regions, with some areas being less accessible.
Culture
- Comprises beliefs, practices, and material goods, continuously evolving through social interactions.
- Represents the dynamic nature of human identity rather than a fixed state.
Cultural Region
- Identified by shared language, religion, or ethnicity, with fluid boundaries and complex self-identification characteristics.
Spatial Diffusion
- Describes the dissemination of ideas and practices over time and space, influenced by urban hierarchies.
- Paracme refers to the rejection of innovations along diffusion paths.
Diffusion of Diffusion
- Concerns the spread of diseases, exacerbated by reduced spatial constraints leading to global pandemic threats.
Territorialization and Deterritorialization
- Territorialization connects culture with specific places, while deterritorialization involves cultural practices being detached from their origins.
Vernacular Architecture
- Local resources and traditions inform building designs, reflecting regional characteristics.
Transnational Architectural Styles
- Include styles that transcend locations, such as Neoclassical, Modernist, and Postmodern architecture.
Neoclassical and Modernist Architecture
- Neoclassical architecture draws from ancient Roman and Greek designs, while Modernist architecture emphasizes function and material truth, becoming globally pervasive.
Imperialism
- Advocated for economic improvements through colonial expansion and industry protection, significantly influencing global human geography.
Uruk Expansion
- An early civilization in Mesopotamia known for advances in agriculture and labor division, extending its cultural and economic influence.
Imperial Incorporation
- Involves the annexation of areas into empires, with improvements in space-convergence extending territorial control.
Distance Decay Effect
- Indicates that military and political influence diminishes with distance from the empire's center, necessitating enhanced protective measures.
Imperial Overstretch
- Refers to the limits of an empire's expansion, leading to vulnerabilities in its governance and military response.
Modernity
- Represents contemporary influences and shifts in social, economic, and technological paradigms, continuing to evolve over time.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts related to globalization, including important terms like space-time convergence. Understanding these concepts is essential for grasping the dynamics of economic transactions and transportation in a globalized world. Prepare to test your knowledge with these flashcards!
