Genotype vs. Phenotype Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a person's genotype?

  • The ability to adapt and thrive in different conditions.
  • The interaction between genes and environmental factors.
  • The particular set of genes inherited from parents. (correct)
  • The observable expression of physical and behavioral characteristics.

What is the role of the epigenome in development?

  • It determines the physical structure of DNA.
  • It turns genes on and off based on environmental input. (correct)
  • It carries the hereditary units from parents to offspring.
  • It ensures that each cell contains different genetic information.

How do genes relate to DNA?

  • Genes and DNA are interchangeable terms for genetic material.
  • Genes are the cells containing DNA.
  • Genes are short segments of DNA that code for hereditary information. (correct)
  • Genes are a specific type of DNA.

What structural characteristic describes DNA?

<p>A double helix shape, similar to a spiral staircase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a parent experiences significant life stressors, how might this potentially affect their children, according to the passage?

<p>The children may inherit changes to the parent's epigenome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it possible to perform DNA testing using cells from inside the mouth?

<p>Because every cell in the body contains a copy of all of a person's DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotype?

<p>The observable and measurable expression of a person’s physical and behavioral characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the nucleus of each human cell?

<p>Chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of parents in a child's development according to the content?

<p>Regulating their emotions and developing social skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas does parenting significantly influence according to the content?

<p>Attitudes and Values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about the influence of family on individual beliefs?

<p>Children may arrive at different conclusions but use similar underlying values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of a child's development is emphasized as being influenced by parents?

<p>Language skills and education exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research suggest about adopted versus biological children regarding parenting influence?

<p>Parenting has a greater effect on attitudes and beliefs than biology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of genes?

<p>To code for hereditary information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct number of chromosomes found in a normal human zygote?

<p>46 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes autosomes from sex chromosomes in humans?

<p>Autosomes are involved in determining traits <em>not</em> related to sex, while sex chromosomes determine sex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of alleles in a heterozygous individual?

<p>Two different alleles for a particular gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a single-gene inheritance scenario, what determines the characteristic expressed when an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait?

<p>The dominant allele always determines the characteristic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person has inherited two recessive alleles for a trait, what is the likelihood that the trait will be expressed?

<p>The trait will always be expressed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is the term for different forms of a gene that code for variations in a trait?

<p>Alleles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where both parents are heterozygous (Bb) for hair color, with 'B' representing the dominant allele for brown hair and 'b' representing the recessive allele for blond hair. What is the probability that their child will have blond hair?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sickle cell anemia is caused by...

<p>Having sickle-shaped red blood cells that struggle to pass through small capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a swab of cells from inside your mouth suitable for DNA testing?

<p>Every single cell in your body contains a copy of all of your DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate result of the union between sperm and egg cells?

<p>The zygote (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape describes DNA?

<p>Double Helix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sperm and ovum cells contain how many chromosomes?

<p>23 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest human cell?

<p>Ovum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genes and DNA?

<p>Genes are made of DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are diseases caused by dominant alleles less common than those caused by recessive alleles?

<p>Dominant alleles are easily eliminated because they always manifest in the phenotype, reducing the likelihood of reproduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can being heterozygous for the sickle cell allele be advantageous?

<p>It makes individuals less susceptible to malaria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does Huntington's disease persist in the population despite being caused by a dominant allele?

<p>The symptoms develop in mid-life, often after the individual has already had children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic basis of Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)?

<p>The presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetics, what does it mean to be a 'carrier' of a recessive trait?

<p>To be heterozygous, possessing one dominant and one recessive allele, and not expressing the recessive trait. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incomplete dominance?

<p>When both alleles for a trait are equally expressed, resulting in a blended phenotype. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of sickle cell anemia?

<p>Clumping of cells, leading to swelling and potential organ damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a child inheriting Huntington's disease if one parent is heterozygous (Hh) for the dominant Huntington's allele and the other parent does not have the allele (hh)?

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider 'nonshared environments' when studying the differences between siblings?

<p>To understand how different experiences within the same family can lead to variations in development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'recessive allele' mean in the context of inheritance?

<p>An allele that is only expressed when paired with another identical allele. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that allows for the survival and transmission of Huntington's disease through generations, despite its severe effects?

<p>Delayed onset of symptoms until mid-life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a child inheriting sickle cell anemia if both parents are heterozygous for the sickle cell trait?

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of parents on their children, according to the text?

<p>Parents have a huge impact on both biological and adopted children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines if a person affected by sickle cell anemia will express many sickle-shaped cells or just a few?

<p>Whether they are homozygous or heterozygous for allele. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chromosome pair is affected in individuals with Down Syndrome?

<p>Pair 21 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Genotype

A person's set of genes inherited from their parents.

Phenotype

Observable traits and characteristics of an individual influenced by the genotype and environment.

Epigenome

The aspect of the genome that regulates gene activity based on environmental factors.

Chromosomes

Threadlike structures in the nucleus made of DNA that carry genetic information.

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DNA

A complex double helix molecule that contains genetic information coded in genes.

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Genes

Segments of DNA that are the units of hereditary information passed from parents to offspring.

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Inheritance

The process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring.

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Identical twins

Twins that have the same genotype but can have different phenotypes due to environmental factors.

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Parenting Influence

The effect of parents on children's emotions, values, and skills.

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Attitudes & Values

Beliefs and opinions shaped significantly by parental guidance.

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Manners & Beliefs

Social behaviors and convictions instilled by parental practices.

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Social Skills

Abilities to interact and communicate with others, often taught by parents.

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Internalizing Morality

The process through which children adopt moral values often modeled by parents.

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Autosomes

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex.

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Sex chromosomes

The 23rd pair of chromosomes that determine biological sex.

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Zygote

The cell formed when a sperm and egg unite, containing a full set of chromosomes.

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Allele

Different forms of a gene that code for variations of a trait.

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Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a trait.

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Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a trait.

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Dominant allele

An allele that determines the trait regardless of the second allele.

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Recessive allele

An allele that is only expressed if both alleles are recessive.

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Sickle cell anemia

A genetic condition resulting in abnormal, sickle-shaped red blood cells.

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Monozygotic twins

Twins derived from a single zygote that splits into two.

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Sickle Cell Disease

A genetic disorder inherited through recessive alleles causing pain and organ damage.

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Incomplete Dominance

When a heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between both homozygous phenotypes.

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Malaria Resistance

Being heterozygous for sickle cell trait offers protection against malaria.

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Huntington's Disease

A genetic disorder inherited through a dominant allele, causing neurodegeneration.

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Trisomy 21

Also known as Down Syndrome; a condition caused by having three copies of chromosome 21.

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Shared vs. Nonshared Environments

Experiences that siblings share or don’t share in their upbringing.

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Impact of Parenting

Parents significantly influence both biological and adoptive children’s development.

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Genetic Differences in Siblings

Siblings can have different personalities despite sharing 50% of genes.

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Organ Damage Effects

Various health issues arise from the clumping of sickle cells.

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Carrier of a Trait

An individual who has one recessive and one dominant allele, often healthy.

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Evolution and Disease

Dominant alelle diseases may decrease because affected individuals may not reproduce.

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Cognitive Deficits

Intellectual impairments that can occur with genetic disorders like Down Syndrome.

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Study Notes

Genotype vs. Phenotype

  • Genotype: An individual's complete set of genes, inherited from parents. No two people (except identical twins) have the same genotype.
  • Phenotype: Observable and measurable characteristics (physical and behavioral) arising from the interaction of genotype and environment. Two people with the same genotype can have different phenotypes due to environmental factors.
  • Epigenome: Influences gene expression by turning genes on or off based on environmental input. Experiences can change the epigenome, and it can be inherited across generations.

Cellular Components

  • Chromosomes: Threadlike structures in cell nuclei, made of DNA. Appear as X-shapes under a microscope.
  • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a complex molecule with a double helix shape that holds genetic information.
  • Genes: Short segments of DNA, units of hereditary information. Code for traits from eye color to intelligence. Every cell contains a copy of all an individual's DNA.
  • Autosomes: First 22 pairs of chromosomes (not related to being sexually attractive).
  • Sex Chromosomes: 23rd pair of chromosomes, determining sex (XX for female or XY for male). Exceptions exist outside this explanation.

Inheritance and Alleles

  • Gametes (eggs and sperm): Contain half the number of chromosomes of a normal cell (23). This is important for creating a complete zygote with the correct number of chromosomes (46).
  • Zygote: The single cell formed by the union of egg and sperm, containing a full set of human genes.
  • Alleles: Different forms of a gene. Homozygous alleles are identical; heterozygous alleles are different.
  • Dominant Allele: Determines an individual's characteristics, regardless of the second allele.
  • Recessive Allele: Only expressed if both alleles carry the trait. Example: brown hair is dominant over blond hair in some cases.

Single-Gene Inheritance

  • Heterozygous parents (Bb) can have homozygous (BB, bb) and heterozygous (Bb) offspring.
  • Recessive traits only appear if inherited from both parents.

Recessive vs. Dominant Disorders

  • Most serious hereditary diseases are from recessive alleles, as heterozygous carriers are generally unaffected.
  • Dominant disorders (e.g., Huntington's) are problematic because affected individuals transmit the disorder to offspring.

Incomplete and Codominance

  • Incomplete Dominance: The non-sickle cell allele isn't completely dominant over the sickle cell allele; heterozygous individuals show some sickle-cell characteristics.
  • Codominance: An example using flowers, if possible, provides a better explanation of the concept if relevant to the context.

Environmental Influence and Non-Mendelian Disorders

  • Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21): A non-Mendelian disorder, where a zygote receives three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two, and is associated with a range of traits and challenges.
  • Shared vs Nonshared Environments: Siblings raised in the same family can have different experiences, leading to phenotypic differences.
  • Parental Influence: Regardless of biological or adopted origins, parenting significantly impacts children's attitudes, values, manners, and beliefs.

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