Lodish Ch 8: Genomics and Chromosomes
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Questions and Answers

Which one of the following regarding pseudogenes is NOT true?

  • They mark the region of gene duplications.
  • They are present in the eukaryotic genome.
  • They encode miRNAs. (correct)
  • They always encode functional products.

    • Which of the following is a typical feature of prokaryotic genes?

  • complex transcription units
  • introns
  • polycistronic messenger RNAs (correct)
  • a and c

    • The chicken lysozyme gene is considered to be a solitary gene because

  • it contains no introns.
  • it is not present on a chromosome.
  • it is represented only once in the haploid genome. (correct)
  • none of the above

    • All the following statements about complex transcription units are true except:

    <p>They are common in bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotes, tandemly repeated genes encode

    <p>rRNAs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short micro RNAs (miRNAs)

    <p>are involved in regulation of gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a diagnostic sequencing analysis of an individual's DNA, you find that this person has a number of microsatellite triplet repeats within a region of their huntingtin gene. Specifically, these CAG repeats code for long stretches of:

    <p>glutamines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood samples were retrieved from a crime scene, and three suspects were arrested on suspicion of committing the crime. Which of the following techniques could be used to identify the suspect(s) responsible for crime?

    <p>DNA fingerprinting and polymerase chain reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms has the greatest amount of DNA per cell?

    <p>tulip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All the following statements about microsatellite DNA are true except:

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes of repetitive DNA is most abundant in the human genome?

    <p>non-LTR transposons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drosophila is considered a model system because it is quite easy to create transgenic lines harboring a variety of different genes. As a Drosophila geneticist, which one of the following is a DNA transposon that you would exploit to create a transgenic line?

    <p>P element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All the following steps are performed by the enzyme transposase during transposition of bacterial insertion sequences except

    <p>synthesis of DNA to fill in the single-stranded gaps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a mobile DNA element?

    <p>long terminal repeats (LTR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mobile elements is a retrotransposon?

    <p>yeast Ty element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SINES (short interspersed elements)

    <p>a and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mobile DNA elements likely contributed to the evolution of higher organisms by the

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an algorithm designed to compare the sequence of a newly identified protein with sequences already stored in the GenBank database?

    <p>BLAST</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DNA and protein sequences of the a-tubulin genes in humans and in fish are similar, and because each arose due to speciation, these genes would be considered:

    <p>orthologous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To examine the folding and compaction of chromatin during mitosis, you will need to isolate and stain chromosomes at a particular stage using a special spreading preparation technique. For the best analysis, the chromosomes must be at which one of the following stages?

    <p>metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are five major types of histone proteins, but only four of them are considered as core histones. Which one of the following is NOT considered a core histone protein?

    <p>H1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histone modifications play integral roles in chromatin condensation and function. Which of the following is NOT considered to be a histone modification?

    <p>prenylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are studying the regulation of a group of genes and have determined that the full activation of transcription of these genes occurs when histone acetyl transferases have made post-translational modifications specifically to which one of the following amino acids?

    <p>lysine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of proteins are considered to be paralogous?

    <p>yeast a-tubulin and yeast ẞ-tubulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes are estimated to be in the human genome?

    <p>21,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Open reading frame (ORF) analysis is not effective in identifying genes in higher eukaryotes because of the presence of

    <p>introns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lines of evidence is indicative of the presence of a gene in an unknown DNA sequence?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes the phenomenon of genes occurring in the same order on a chromosome in two different species?

    <p>synteny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes when a chromosome is replicated everywhere except the telomeres and centromere, but the daughter chromosomes do not separate?

    <p>polytenization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a functional element required for any eukaryotic chromosome to replicate and segregate correctly?

    <p>kinetochore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All the following statements are true about a nucleosome except:

    <p>It is the “string” of the “beads-on-a-string” appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA that is transcriptionally active

    <p>is more susceptible to DNase I digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following can be found in chromatin except

    <p>RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true of a eukaryotic chromosome?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mammals, X-chromosome inactivation

    <p>is considered an epigenetic event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The karyotype for any particular species is characterized by

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromosome painting involves

    <p>hybridizing fluorescent probes to chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All the following statements about heterochromatin except:

    <p>It is usually transcriptionally active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Telomeres

    <p>a and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genes, Genomics, and Chromosomes (Section 8.1)

    • Pseudogenes: Not all are true; some don't code for proteins. They are present in eukaryotic genomes and can mark regions of gene duplication

    • Prokaryotic Genes: Typically have polycistronic mRNAs (multiple coding sequences on one mRNA).

    • Solitary Genes: Chicken lysozyme gene; present only once in a haploid genome

    • Complex Transcription Units (eukaryotic): Multiple polyadenylation sites, multiple mRNAs possible from single sequence, multiple polypeptides possible

    Genes, Genomics, and Chromosomes (Section 8.2)

    • Eukaryotic Tandemly Repeated Genes: Encode rRNAs

    • MicroRNAs (miRNAs): Involved in gene regulation, common in eukaryotes (not bacteria)

    • Gene Definition (functional): The entire DNA sequence necessary for producing a functional protein or RNA molecule. Includes coding regions (exons) and non-coding regulatory regions.

    • Complex Transcription Units v. Simple: Complex allow for multiple proteins from the same number of genes.

    Genes, Genomics, and Chromosomes (Sections 8.3 & 8.4)

    • Microsatellite DNA: Repeating DNA sequences of 1-13 base pairs; linked to some diseases

    • Gene Density Comparison (yeast vs. human): Yeast has more genes per unit of DNA. Human genome has more noncoding sequences.

    • Gene Family Origin: Duplication of an ancestral gene followed by mutations leading to new (or nonfunctional) proteins

    • Dominant Mutations (Huntington's): Expansion of a trinucleotide repeat which leads to build up of the protein involved, resulting in damage.

    • Drosophila as a Model System: Utilizes transposons (particularly P elements) for genetic manipulation.

    Genes, Genomics, and Chromosomes (Section 8.5)

    • Transposons: Mobile DNA elements (transposition = movement)

    • Mobile DNA Elements (general): Not all are retrotransposons (a type of mobile element using RNA transcripts)

    • Retrotransposons: Use RNA as an intermediate for movement

    Genes, Genomics, and Chromosomes (Section 8.6)

    • Synteny: Genes in the same order in different species

    • Chromosome Replication (polytenization): Replication without separation. Replicated once with duplicated chromosomes not separating.

    • Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure (general): Involves telomeres, centromeres, and replication origins.

    • Nucleosomes: DNA wrapped around histone proteins which helps with chromosome structure and gene expression.

    Genes, Genomics, and Chromosomes (Section 8.7)

    • Karyotypes: Characterized by the number, size, and shape of metaphase chromosomes

    • Chromosome painting: Uses fluorescent probes that bind to specific chromosome regions.

    • Heterochromatin: Dark-staining, condensed chromatin and regions of the chromosome. Not as active in gene regulation.

    • Telomeres: Repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes to protect ends from degradation during replication. Enzyme telomerase involved in their maintenance and repair.

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    Lodish8e_Ch08_TestBank PDF - Genes, Genomics, and Chromosomes

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts from Sections 8.1 and 8.2 of Genes, Genomics, and Chromosomes. Explore topics such as pseudogenes, prokaryotic genes, eukaryotic tandemly repeated genes, and complex transcription units. Test your understanding of gene definitions and gene regulation mechanisms.

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