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What does the genitourinary system refer to?
What does the genitourinary system refer to?
The genitourinary system refers to the parts of the body involved in the production and transport of urine, as well as the surrounding structures.
The left kidney is found lower than the right kidney.
The left kidney is found lower than the right kidney.
False
The ______ is the functional unit of the kidney.
The ______ is the functional unit of the kidney.
nephron
The initial upward portion of the loop of Henle is ______ and then becomes ______, which is the distal convoluted tubule.
The initial upward portion of the loop of Henle is ______ and then becomes ______, which is the distal convoluted tubule.
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The ______ system refers to the parts of the body involved in the production and transport of urine.
The ______ system refers to the parts of the body involved in the production and transport of urine.
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Where are the kidneys located in the body?
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
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The left kidney is situated lower than the right kidney.
The left kidney is situated lower than the right kidney.
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What is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for urine formation?
What is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for urine formation?
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What is the name of the structure within the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and narrows into a proximal convoluted tubule?
What is the name of the structure within the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and narrows into a proximal convoluted tubule?
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What are the primary functions of the kidneys? (Select all that apply)
What are the primary functions of the kidneys? (Select all that apply)
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What are the ducts that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
What are the ducts that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
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The ______ muscles contract and the sphincter at the bladder neck relaxes to aid in emptying the urine.
The ______ muscles contract and the sphincter at the bladder neck relaxes to aid in emptying the urine.
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The prostate gland is located above the bladder.
The prostate gland is located above the bladder.
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What is the name of the condition that occurs when the prostate gland enlarges and puts pressure on the surrounding structures?
What is the name of the condition that occurs when the prostate gland enlarges and puts pressure on the surrounding structures?
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What is the primary symptom of Hydronephrosis?
What is the primary symptom of Hydronephrosis?
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Which of the following are signs and symptoms of BPH? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of BPH? (Select all that apply)
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PSA levels are always indicative of prostate cancer.
PSA levels are always indicative of prostate cancer.
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What imaging technique is used to evaluate prostate hypertrophy?
What imaging technique is used to evaluate prostate hypertrophy?
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What is the purpose of administering alpha1-blockers in the treatment of BPH?
What is the purpose of administering alpha1-blockers in the treatment of BPH?
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What are the two main surgical treatment options for BPH?
What are the two main surgical treatment options for BPH?
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Bladder cancer is typically a non-aggressive cancer that occurs in the ______ cell layer of the bladder.
Bladder cancer is typically a non-aggressive cancer that occurs in the ______ cell layer of the bladder.
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Bladder cancer is rarely recurrent.
Bladder cancer is rarely recurrent.
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What are some factors that can increase the risk of bladder cancer?
What are some factors that can increase the risk of bladder cancer?
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What is the most advanced stage of bladder cancer?
What is the most advanced stage of bladder cancer?
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The prognosis for bladder cancer is better for patients with more aggressive cancer cell types.
The prognosis for bladder cancer is better for patients with more aggressive cancer cell types.
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Which of the following are signs and symptoms of bladder cancer? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of bladder cancer? (Select all that apply)
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What is the most common diagnostic test for bladder cancer, used to identify tumor site and obtain biopsy?
What is the most common diagnostic test for bladder cancer, used to identify tumor site and obtain biopsy?
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What imaging technique is used to assess for metastasis or invasion of tumor in bladder cancer?
What imaging technique is used to assess for metastasis or invasion of tumor in bladder cancer?
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Which of the following are treatment options for bladder cancer? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are treatment options for bladder cancer? (Select all that apply)
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What is the purpose of instilling BCG into the bladder in bladder cancer treatment?
What is the purpose of instilling BCG into the bladder in bladder cancer treatment?
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Acute Glomerulonephritis is often a primary condition, not related to other infections or disorders.
Acute Glomerulonephritis is often a primary condition, not related to other infections or disorders.
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The most common infectious cause of Acute Glomerulonephritis is ______ Streptococcus.
The most common infectious cause of Acute Glomerulonephritis is ______ Streptococcus.
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Which of the following are systemic disorders that can cause Acute Glomerulonephritis? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are systemic disorders that can cause Acute Glomerulonephritis? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following are signs and symptoms of Acute Glomerulonephritis? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of Acute Glomerulonephritis? (Select all that apply)
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Azotemia is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds, such as urea and creatinine, in the urine.
Azotemia is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds, such as urea and creatinine, in the urine.
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What is the name of the process in which the liquid part of the blood (plasma) is separated from the blood cells, typically replaced with another solution or treated and returned to the body?
What is the name of the process in which the liquid part of the blood (plasma) is separated from the blood cells, typically replaced with another solution or treated and returned to the body?
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What is the purpose of administering diuretics in the treatment of Acute Glomerulonephritis?
What is the purpose of administering diuretics in the treatment of Acute Glomerulonephritis?
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Renal cancer is a common and frequently diagnosed condition, with clear and easily recognizable symptoms.
Renal cancer is a common and frequently diagnosed condition, with clear and easily recognizable symptoms.
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Which of the following factors can increase the risk of developing kidney cancer? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following factors can increase the risk of developing kidney cancer? (Select all that apply)
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Metastatic kidney cancer has a favorable prognosis.
Metastatic kidney cancer has a favorable prognosis.
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Kidney stones are always symptomatic and cause severe pain.
Kidney stones are always symptomatic and cause severe pain.
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Which of the following are common components of kidney stones? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are common components of kidney stones? (Select all that apply)
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Medications such as diuretics can decrease the risk of kidney stone formation.
Medications such as diuretics can decrease the risk of kidney stone formation.
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Which of the following are signs and symptoms of kidney stones? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of kidney stones? (Select all that apply)
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What is the medical term for spasms of pain in the flank area caused by kidney stones?
What is the medical term for spasms of pain in the flank area caused by kidney stones?
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What is the name of the procedure that uses shock waves to break down kidney stones into smaller pieces?
What is the name of the procedure that uses shock waves to break down kidney stones into smaller pieces?
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Prostate cancer is more common in women than men.
Prostate cancer is more common in women than men.
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What is the name of the test commonly used to screen for prostate cancer?
What is the name of the test commonly used to screen for prostate cancer?
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The symptoms of prostate cancer are distinctly different from those of BPH.
The symptoms of prostate cancer are distinctly different from those of BPH.
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What is the name of the surgical procedure that involves removing the prostate gland?
What is the name of the surgical procedure that involves removing the prostate gland?
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Cryosurgery for prostate cancer involves using heat to destroy cancerous tissue.
Cryosurgery for prostate cancer involves using heat to destroy cancerous tissue.
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What is the purpose of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer?
What is the purpose of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer?
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Pyelonephritis is an infection involving the ______ .
Pyelonephritis is an infection involving the ______ .
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Pyelonephritis is typically a primary condition, not related to other infections.
Pyelonephritis is typically a primary condition, not related to other infections.
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What is the most common bacterial cause of pyelonephritis?
What is the most common bacterial cause of pyelonephritis?
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The presence of a urinary catheter is a risk factor for pyelonephritis.
The presence of a urinary catheter is a risk factor for pyelonephritis.
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Which of the following are signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis? (Select all that apply)
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Older patients and those with comorbidities are at lower risk for complications from pyelonephritis.
Older patients and those with comorbidities are at lower risk for complications from pyelonephritis.
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What is the name of the pain that results from touching the region inside of the costovertebral angle, often associated with pyelonephritis?
What is the name of the pain that results from touching the region inside of the costovertebral angle, often associated with pyelonephritis?
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Leukocytosis is a condition where the white blood cell count is below the normal range in the blood.
Leukocytosis is a condition where the white blood cell count is below the normal range in the blood.
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What is the purpose of administering antibiotics in the treatment of pyelonephritis?
What is the purpose of administering antibiotics in the treatment of pyelonephritis?
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Renal failure is always a chronic condition.
Renal failure is always a chronic condition.
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Which of the following are causes of pre-renal failure? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are causes of pre-renal failure? (Select all that apply)
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What is the most common cause of acute renal failure in acute care patients?
What is the most common cause of acute renal failure in acute care patients?
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What is the name of the condition characterized by the presence of multiple cysts in the kidneys, often leading to renal failure?
What is the name of the condition characterized by the presence of multiple cysts in the kidneys, often leading to renal failure?
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Which of the following are treatment options for renal failure? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are treatment options for renal failure? (Select all that apply)
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What is the purpose of administering erythropoietin in the treatment of renal failure?
What is the purpose of administering erythropoietin in the treatment of renal failure?
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Testicular cancer is more common in older men than in younger men.
Testicular cancer is more common in older men than in younger men.
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What is the medical term for the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?
What is the medical term for the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?
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Tumors that have already metastasized to other locations have a better prognosis than solitary nodules that have not metastasized.
Tumors that have already metastasized to other locations have a better prognosis than solitary nodules that have not metastasized.
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Which of the following are signs and symptoms of testicular cancer? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of testicular cancer? (Select all that apply)
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What is the name of the hormone, often elevated in testicular cancer, that can be used to help in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and monitoring?
What is the name of the hormone, often elevated in testicular cancer, that can be used to help in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and monitoring?
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What are the main treatment options for testicular cancer?
What are the main treatment options for testicular cancer?
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Urinary tract infections are always caused by gram-positive bacteria.
Urinary tract infections are always caused by gram-positive bacteria.
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What is the most common way bacteria enter the urinary tract in a urinary tract infection?
What is the most common way bacteria enter the urinary tract in a urinary tract infection?
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Urinary catheters can reduce the risk of urinary tract infections.
Urinary catheters can reduce the risk of urinary tract infections.
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Which of the following are common symptoms of urinary tract infections? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are common symptoms of urinary tract infections? (Select all that apply)
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What is the name of the procedure that examines the bladder walls to check for tumors and growths?
What is the name of the procedure that examines the bladder walls to check for tumors and growths?
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A KUB X-ray is an invasive procedure.
A KUB X-ray is an invasive procedure.
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What is the purpose of the PSA test?
What is the purpose of the PSA test?
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A 24-hour urine collection is used to measure the volume and various factors of kidney function.
A 24-hour urine collection is used to measure the volume and various factors of kidney function.
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What is the purpose of a urinalysis?
What is the purpose of a urinalysis?
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What is the name of the procedure that measures the strength and volume per second of urine flow from the bladder?
What is the name of the procedure that measures the strength and volume per second of urine flow from the bladder?
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A voiding cystogram is a procedure that involves taking an X-ray image of the bladder and urethra during urination.
A voiding cystogram is a procedure that involves taking an X-ray image of the bladder and urethra during urination.
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Study Notes
Genitourinary System
- The genitourinary system comprises organs involved in urine production and transport, along with surrounding structures.
- Kidneys are located in the upper abdominal area, protected by lower ribs.
- The left kidney sits higher than the right, due to the liver's position.
- The renal artery supplies blood to the kidneys.
- The nephron is the kidney's functional unit, where urine forms.
- Urine passes from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters.
- The detrusor muscles contract for emptying the bladder, aided by sphincter relaxation.
- Urine exits via the urethra.
- Men have a prostate gland surrounding the urethra, which secretes prostatic fluid.
Topics for Study
- Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
- Bladder cancer
- Acute glomerulonephritis
- Kidney cancer
- Kidney stones
- Prostate cancer
- Pyelonephritis
- Renal failure
- Testicular cancer
- Urinary tract infection
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
- The prostate gland, found below the bladder, enlarges with age, putting pressure on surrounding structures.
- Symptoms include frequent urination, urinary retention, and upward pressure on the bladder's lower border.
- Urinary retention can develop, making bladder emptying more challenging.
- Complications include hydronephrosis and dilation of the renal pelvis and ureter.
Prognosis (BPH)
- BPH symptoms mimic prostate cancer symptoms.
- Regular check-ups are vital to evaluate prostate cancer risk.
- Renal dysfunction may temporarily result from hydronephrosis.
Signs and Symptoms (BPH)
- Urinary hesitancy: difficulty in initiating urination.
- Urinary frequency: needing to urinate often.
- Urinary urgency: a sudden and strong need to urinate.
- Nocturia: multiple nighttime trips to the bathroom to urinate.
- Decrease in urine stream force.
- Intermittent urination: a fluctuating urine flow.
- Hematuria: blood in the urine.
Test Results (BPH)
- Urography reveals increased post-void residual urine volume.
- PSA (prostate-specific antigen) may be slightly elevated.
- Prostate ultrasound reveals prostatic hypertrophy and loss of the median sulcus.
- Digital rectal exam detects prostatic fullness and midline groove loss.
- Urinalysis may show microscopic hematuria.
- Elevated BUN and creatinine levels may indicate renal impairment.
Treatment (BPH)
- Administer alpha1-blockers for symptom relief (doxazosin, tamsulosin, terazosin).
- Monitor blood pressure (hypotension may be a side effect).
- Finasteride is administered to shrink the prostate and alleviate urinary symptoms.
- Monitor PSA and renal function.
- Surgical removal of prostate tissue is possible to alleviate the pressure.
- Post-operative bladder irrigation is used to manage pressure.
- Antispasmodics can manage bladder spasms.
Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions (BPH)
- Risk for impaired urinary elimination.
- Risk for urge urinary incontinence.
- Maintain the 3-port catheter postoperatively: one port for irrigation, one for drainage, and one to inflate balloon for positioning.
- Monitor intake/output and vital signs.
- Monitor for postoperative changes.
- Monitor for signs of urinary tract infection.
Bladder Cancer
- Transitional cell layer cancer in the bladder; often recurrent.
- Infiltrative cancers are aggressive, invading deeper bladder tissues.
- Risk factors include exposure to industrial chemicals, cyclophosphamide use, and smoking.
Prognosis (Bladder Cancer)
- Aggressive cancer types increase metastasis risk.
- Advanced disease at diagnosis may indicate a worse prognosis.
- The aggressive nature of the tumor increases the risk of death.
Signs and Symptoms (Bladder Cancer)
- Fatigue due to the underlying chronic process.
- Hematuria (blood in urine), potentially microscopic.
- Changes in urinary patterns (color, frequency, volume).
- Back pain, often on one side.
- Weight loss despite no change in eating habits.
- Extreme fatigue.
Test Results (Bladder Cancer)
- Urinalysis reveals red blood cells, potentially microscopic.
- Cystoscopy identifies tumor site and biopsies are taken.
- Bladder biopsy confirms cancer type.
- CT scan diagnoses metastasis or tumor invasion.
Treatment (Bladder Cancer)
- Surgical removal of the tumor using transurethral resection or removing part or all of the bladder.
- Using BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) for instillation into the bladder to reduce chances of recurrence.
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions (Bladder Cancer)
- Risk for impaired urinary elimination.
- Monitor vital signs and intake/output for changes.
- Monitor the drainage from the operative site for color, redness, or swelling.
- Monitor for signs of urinary tract infection.
- Monitor pain level postoperatively.
Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)
- It's an inflammation of the glomeruli, often following streptococcal infection or other systemic illnesses.
- Infectious causes and systemic disorders lead to this condition.
Prognosis (AGN)
- The acute episode often resolves depending on the cause.
- Renal function monitoring is crucial during the episode.
Signs and Symptoms (AGN)
- Hematuria and peripheral edema can occur
- Elevated blood pressure compared to baseline.
- Oliguria, which is a reduced urine output.
- Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite can occur.
Test Results (AGN)
- Urinalysis shows red blood cells and blood cell casts.
- Reduced glomerular filtration rate.
- Elevated BUN protein levels in urine.
- Reduced serum albumin levels.
- A kidney biopsy helps determine the cause.
Treatment (AGN)
- Administer diuretics to remove excess fluids.
- Monitor urinary output.
- Treat autoimmune causes.
- Restrict fluid intake
- Measure intake and output.
- Monitor electrolytes.
Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions (AGN)
- Monitor vital signs, and intake and output
- Assess for edema
- Monitor color and amount of urine
- Monitor for side effects of medication
- Teach the patient about the illness
(and so on for the remaining topics)...
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Description
Explore the essential functions and structures of the genitourinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, and urethra. Understand key conditions like benign prostatic hypertrophy, kidney stones, and urinary tract infections through this comprehensive quiz. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and medical health.
