Genetics Quiz Mendel's Principles

The process where a cell's cytoplasm divides into two, forming two daughter cells.

The creation of an exact copy of a cell's DNA, ensuring each new cell receives all the genetic information.

Two identical copies of a chromosome, connected at the centromere.

The number of chromosomes in a cell is equal to the number of centromeres.

Protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, composed of non-essential DNA sequences.

A change in the genetic material (DNA).

A substance that can cause a mutation in DNA, potentially by altering its structure or sequence.

Mutations caused by the interaction between DNA and external factors, such as radiation or chemicals.

The fundamental unit of genetic information, responsible for building and maintaining an organism. Each gene contains a sequence of nitrogenous bases that code for a specific protein.

The location of a gene on a chromosome.

The complete set of genetic information in an organism, including all of its genes.

The ordered sequence of nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) in DNA or RNA. It forms the basis of genetic coding.

The long, unwound, thread-like form of DNA present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells during interphase.

The process by which a cell duplicates itself, resulting in two daughter cells.

Circular pieces of DNA found in prokaryotic cells, often carrying genes for antibiotic resistance or other beneficial traits.

The compact, X-shaped form of DNA that is visible during cell division in eukaryotic cells.

The process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction that contain half the number of chromosomes as a regular body cell.

The process of cell division that produces four haploid sperm cells from one diploid parent cell.

The process of cell division that produces one haploid egg cell and two polar bodies from one diploid parent cell.

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, resulting in genetic variation.

The random distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis I, further contributing to genetic diversity.

The random union of sperm and egg cells, leading to a unique combination of genes in the offspring.

The process of gamete formation in males through meiosis.

An allele that masks the expression of another allele, resulting in the dominant trait appearing even when only one copy is present.

An allele that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele, only showing its trait when two copies are present.

The genetic makeup of an individual, describing the combination of alleles they possess.

The physical expression of an individual's genes, how they appear.

A genetic cross involving a single pair of genes, where the parents differ in only one characteristic.

Two identical alleles for a specific trait, such as TT or tt.

Two different alleles for a specific trait, such as Tt.

A tool used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring of a genetic cross.

A pattern of inheritance where both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait.

A pattern of inheritance where the heterozygote expresses a phenotype intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.

Traits determined by the combined effects of multiple genes, often located on different chromosomes.

Genes located on the sex chromosomes, which determine an individual's sex.

A genetic condition where individuals have difficulty distinguishing between certain colors.

A condition where an individual inherits a single allele for a trait, because the Y chromosome is smaller and carries fewer genes than the X chromosome.

A chemical produced by the body that contributes to darker tones of skin, eyes, and hair.

The difference in size between the X and Y chromosomes is significant, leading to a difference in the number of genes each chromosome carries.

Characteristics that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

The preserved remains of ancient organisms.

Areas where organisms live that are similar to each other.

The Galapagos Islands are a group of volcanic islands off the coast of South America.

Differences in physical features that allow organisms to survive in specific environments.

The process of change in living things over long periods.

Observations of the natural world that spark questions and curiosity.

The process of studying the natural world to understand how things work.