Genetics Quiz Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

When does interphase occur?

before meiosis

What occurs during interphase?

the cell does normal cell activities, like making proteins

Uncoiled stringy DNA is called?

chromatin

Human cells have __ pieces of chromatin.

<p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

Half of your DNA comes from your ___ and half from your ____.

<p>mother, father</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA has ___ that determines the traits of an organism.

<p>genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Different forms of a gene are called ____.

<p>alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______ is when DNA copies itself and it occurs during _____

<p>interphase, S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______ are made during meiosis.

<p>gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of gametes?

<p>sperm and eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis occurs in 2 divisions: Meiosis __ and Meiosis __.

<p>1, 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phases for meiosis I?

<p>prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phases for meiosis II?

<p>prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

During prophase I the chromosomes _____ and become ____.

<p>condense, visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomes that are the same size and have the same genes are called?

<p>homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each half of a replicated chromosome is called a ____ ____.

<p>sister chromatid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sister chromatids of a chromosome are _____.

<p>identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus _____ during prophase I.

<p>disintegrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homologous chromosomes split up and move toward the opposite ends of the cell during?

<p>anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ independent cells begin to form during______.

<p>2, telophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ is the division of the cytoplasm to make two new cells.

<p>cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 2 new cells that are formed from meiosis I are _____ because they contain half of the chromosomes of the original cell that started meiosis.

<p>haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

At the start of meiosis I you had 1 _____ cell.

<p>diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis II must take place because each of our new cells still has too much ____.

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus _____ during prophase I.

<p>goes away</p> Signup and view all the answers

In metaphase II the chromosomes line up single file down the _____ of the cell.

<p>middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anaphase II the sister _______ split up.

<p>chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

In telophase II, __ ___ daughter cells are formed to create ___ .

<p>4, haploid, gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each newly formed cell will form a _____ around the chromosomes.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chromosomes _______ to form ______.

<p>uncoil, chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______ occurs at the same time as telophase II.

<p>cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

At the end of meiosis II you have made __ _____ gametes.

<p>4, haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gametes produced by a female?

<p>eggs or ova</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the gametes are produced by a male?

<p>sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gregor Mendel was a?

<p>monk and high school teacher</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before Mendel, people thought that traits?

<p>blended</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mendel figure it out?

<p>cross pollination- by fertilizing and growing many plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

True-breeding produces offspring that are?

<p>identical in appearance to itself, generation after generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wild type refers to the?

<p>most common</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hybrid is the offspring of?

<p>2 different true-breeding parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

A monohybrid cross involves parents that differ in?

<p>1 trait only</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dihybrid cross involves parents that differ in?

<p>2 traits only</p> Signup and view all the answers

P1 refers to?

<p>parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

F1 refers to?

<p>kids</p> Signup and view all the answers

F2 refers to?

<p>kids from a cross between 2 F1's</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mendel's Principle of Segregation states that?

<p>the 2 alleles for a trait segregate during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

An allele is an?

<p>alternative version of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dominant allele is one that is?

<p>seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

A recessive allele is one that can be?

<p>hidden</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homozygous refers to?

<p>the two alleles are the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heterozygous refers to?

<p>the two alleles are different</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genotype is the?

<p>genetic makeup you have</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phenotype refers to the?

<p>observable trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

A test cross involves?

<p>crossing the unknown with a homozygous recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exceptions to Mendel's rules include?

<p>intermediate inheritance and co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Co-dominance means?

<p>both alleles expressed in the hybrid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Interphase and Meiosis

  • Interphase occurs before meiosis, involving normal cell activities such as protein synthesis.
  • In this phase, DNA exists as chromatin, which is uncoiled stringy DNA.
  • Human cells contain 46 pieces of chromatin, forming the basis of genetic inheritance.

Genetic Inheritance

  • Half of an individual's DNA comes from the mother, and half comes from the father.
  • Traits of an organism are determined by genes, while different forms of a gene are known as alleles.

DNA Replication and Gametes

  • DNA replicates itself during interphase, specifically in the S phase.
  • Meiosis produces gametes, with sperm and eggs being prime examples.
  • Gametes are formed through two divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Meiosis Phases

  • Meiosis I consists of prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.
  • During prophase I, chromosomes condense and become visible, with the nucleus disintegrating shortly after.
  • Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I, moving toward opposite cell ends.

Cell Division

  • Cytokinesis, the division of cytoplasm, results in two new haploid cells at the end of Meiosis I.
  • A diploid cell at the start of meiosis becomes haploid after the first division.

Additional Meiosis Details

  • Meiosis II occurs to reduce excess DNA in daughter cells, leading to four haploid gametes by its completion.
  • Key processes include sister chromatids aligning in metaphase II and separating in anaphase II.

Mendel's Principles

  • Gregor Mendel, a monk and teacher, established foundational principles in genetics, tracing characteristics across generations.
  • Prior beliefs in the blending hypothesis were challenged by Mendel’s experiments that showcased distinct traits being passed down.

Genetic Terminology

  • True-breeding organisms produce identical offspring, while hybrids are offspring of different true-breeding parents.
  • Monohybrid crosses examine one trait, while dihybrid crosses observe two traits.

Genotype and Phenotype

  • Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype describes the observable traits.
  • Alleles can be dominant (expressed) or recessive (potentially hidden); capital letters represent dominant alleles and lowercase for recessive.

Exceptions to Mendelian Inheritance

  • Exceptions to Mendel's rules include incomplete dominance (intermediate inheritance) and co-dominance, where both alleles are expressed in a hybrid organism. Examples include pink flowers and roan cattle, respectively.

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Description

Test your knowledge on genetics with these flashcards. This quiz covers key concepts such as interphase, chromatin, and the human genome. Challenge yourself and prepare for your biology exams!

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