Podcast
Questions and Answers
When does interphase occur?
When does interphase occur?
before meiosis
What occurs during interphase?
What occurs during interphase?
the cell does normal cell activities, like making proteins
Uncoiled stringy DNA is called?
Uncoiled stringy DNA is called?
chromatin
Human cells have __ pieces of chromatin.
Human cells have __ pieces of chromatin.
Half of your DNA comes from your ___ and half from your ____.
Half of your DNA comes from your ___ and half from your ____.
DNA has ___ that determines the traits of an organism.
DNA has ___ that determines the traits of an organism.
Different forms of a gene are called ____.
Different forms of a gene are called ____.
_______ is when DNA copies itself and it occurs during _____
_______ is when DNA copies itself and it occurs during _____
_______ are made during meiosis.
_______ are made during meiosis.
Examples of gametes?
Examples of gametes?
Meiosis occurs in 2 divisions: Meiosis __ and Meiosis __.
Meiosis occurs in 2 divisions: Meiosis __ and Meiosis __.
Phases for meiosis I?
Phases for meiosis I?
Phases for meiosis II?
Phases for meiosis II?
During prophase I the chromosomes _____ and become ____.
During prophase I the chromosomes _____ and become ____.
Chromosomes that are the same size and have the same genes are called?
Chromosomes that are the same size and have the same genes are called?
Each half of a replicated chromosome is called a ____ ____.
Each half of a replicated chromosome is called a ____ ____.
Sister chromatids of a chromosome are _____.
Sister chromatids of a chromosome are _____.
The nucleus _____ during prophase I.
The nucleus _____ during prophase I.
Homologous chromosomes split up and move toward the opposite ends of the cell during?
Homologous chromosomes split up and move toward the opposite ends of the cell during?
_____ independent cells begin to form during______.
_____ independent cells begin to form during______.
________ is the division of the cytoplasm to make two new cells.
________ is the division of the cytoplasm to make two new cells.
The 2 new cells that are formed from meiosis I are _____ because they contain half of the chromosomes of the original cell that started meiosis.
The 2 new cells that are formed from meiosis I are _____ because they contain half of the chromosomes of the original cell that started meiosis.
At the start of meiosis I you had 1 _____ cell.
At the start of meiosis I you had 1 _____ cell.
Meiosis II must take place because each of our new cells still has too much ____.
Meiosis II must take place because each of our new cells still has too much ____.
The nucleus _____ during prophase I.
The nucleus _____ during prophase I.
In metaphase II the chromosomes line up single file down the _____ of the cell.
In metaphase II the chromosomes line up single file down the _____ of the cell.
In anaphase II the sister _______ split up.
In anaphase II the sister _______ split up.
In telophase II, __ ___ daughter cells are formed to create ___ .
In telophase II, __ ___ daughter cells are formed to create ___ .
Each newly formed cell will form a _____ around the chromosomes.
Each newly formed cell will form a _____ around the chromosomes.
The chromosomes _______ to form ______.
The chromosomes _______ to form ______.
_______ occurs at the same time as telophase II.
_______ occurs at the same time as telophase II.
At the end of meiosis II you have made __ _____ gametes.
At the end of meiosis II you have made __ _____ gametes.
Gametes produced by a female?
Gametes produced by a female?
If the gametes are produced by a male?
If the gametes are produced by a male?
Gregor Mendel was a?
Gregor Mendel was a?
Before Mendel, people thought that traits?
Before Mendel, people thought that traits?
How did Mendel figure it out?
How did Mendel figure it out?
True-breeding produces offspring that are?
True-breeding produces offspring that are?
Wild type refers to the?
Wild type refers to the?
A hybrid is the offspring of?
A hybrid is the offspring of?
A monohybrid cross involves parents that differ in?
A monohybrid cross involves parents that differ in?
A dihybrid cross involves parents that differ in?
A dihybrid cross involves parents that differ in?
P1 refers to?
P1 refers to?
F1 refers to?
F1 refers to?
F2 refers to?
F2 refers to?
Mendel's Principle of Segregation states that?
Mendel's Principle of Segregation states that?
An allele is an?
An allele is an?
A dominant allele is one that is?
A dominant allele is one that is?
A recessive allele is one that can be?
A recessive allele is one that can be?
Homozygous refers to?
Homozygous refers to?
Heterozygous refers to?
Heterozygous refers to?
Genotype is the?
Genotype is the?
Phenotype refers to the?
Phenotype refers to the?
A test cross involves?
A test cross involves?
Exceptions to Mendel's rules include?
Exceptions to Mendel's rules include?
Co-dominance means?
Co-dominance means?
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Study Notes
Interphase and Meiosis
- Interphase occurs before meiosis, involving normal cell activities such as protein synthesis.
- In this phase, DNA exists as chromatin, which is uncoiled stringy DNA.
- Human cells contain 46 pieces of chromatin, forming the basis of genetic inheritance.
Genetic Inheritance
- Half of an individual's DNA comes from the mother, and half comes from the father.
- Traits of an organism are determined by genes, while different forms of a gene are known as alleles.
DNA Replication and Gametes
- DNA replicates itself during interphase, specifically in the S phase.
- Meiosis produces gametes, with sperm and eggs being prime examples.
- Gametes are formed through two divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Meiosis Phases
- Meiosis I consists of prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.
- During prophase I, chromosomes condense and become visible, with the nucleus disintegrating shortly after.
- Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I, moving toward opposite cell ends.
Cell Division
- Cytokinesis, the division of cytoplasm, results in two new haploid cells at the end of Meiosis I.
- A diploid cell at the start of meiosis becomes haploid after the first division.
Additional Meiosis Details
- Meiosis II occurs to reduce excess DNA in daughter cells, leading to four haploid gametes by its completion.
- Key processes include sister chromatids aligning in metaphase II and separating in anaphase II.
Mendel's Principles
- Gregor Mendel, a monk and teacher, established foundational principles in genetics, tracing characteristics across generations.
- Prior beliefs in the blending hypothesis were challenged by Mendel’s experiments that showcased distinct traits being passed down.
Genetic Terminology
- True-breeding organisms produce identical offspring, while hybrids are offspring of different true-breeding parents.
- Monohybrid crosses examine one trait, while dihybrid crosses observe two traits.
Genotype and Phenotype
- Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype describes the observable traits.
- Alleles can be dominant (expressed) or recessive (potentially hidden); capital letters represent dominant alleles and lowercase for recessive.
Exceptions to Mendelian Inheritance
- Exceptions to Mendel's rules include incomplete dominance (intermediate inheritance) and co-dominance, where both alleles are expressed in a hybrid organism. Examples include pink flowers and roan cattle, respectively.
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