Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of nucleotides in genetic coding?
What is the primary role of nucleotides in genetic coding?
- They store energy for cellular processes.
- They facilitate cell division.
- They express phenotypic traits.
- They encode for amino acids in proteins. (correct)
Which type of mutation results in a change of the encoded amino acid to a termination amino acid?
Which type of mutation results in a change of the encoded amino acid to a termination amino acid?
- Frameshift mutation
- Missense mutation
- Nonsense mutation (correct)
- Silent mutation
What distinction exists between synonymous and non-synonymous mutations?
What distinction exists between synonymous and non-synonymous mutations?
- Synonymous mutations always result in a STOP codon.
- Synonymous mutations do not affect the encoded amino acid. (correct)
- Non-synonymous mutations involve insertion or deletion.
- Non-synonymous mutations do not change the protein.
What is meant by the term 'degenerate' in the context of the genetic code?
What is meant by the term 'degenerate' in the context of the genetic code?
Which of the following correctly describes a frameshift mutation?
Which of the following correctly describes a frameshift mutation?
What do you call the mutation that involves swapping one nucleotide for another?
What do you call the mutation that involves swapping one nucleotide for another?
What consequence can an in-frame insertion or deletion have on a protein?
What consequence can an in-frame insertion or deletion have on a protein?
Which of the following nucleotides will pair with Thymine (T) in DNA?
Which of the following nucleotides will pair with Thymine (T) in DNA?
What occurs during a transversion mutation?
What occurs during a transversion mutation?
What describes a consequence of a silent mutation?
What describes a consequence of a silent mutation?
Which of the following best defines a point mutation?
Which of the following best defines a point mutation?
What is the relationship between the number of codons and amino acids in the genetic code?
What is the relationship between the number of codons and amino acids in the genetic code?
What defines a frameshift mutation?
What defines a frameshift mutation?
Which type of nitrogenous base substitution is characterized by replacing a purine with another purine?
Which type of nitrogenous base substitution is characterized by replacing a purine with another purine?
What is a major consequence of nucleotide insertions in a gene?
What is a major consequence of nucleotide insertions in a gene?
Which of these best describes a nonsense mutation?
Which of these best describes a nonsense mutation?
What type of genetic variant involves the addition of one or more nucleotides to the DNA sequence?
What type of genetic variant involves the addition of one or more nucleotides to the DNA sequence?
Which of the following describes a transition mutation?
Which of the following describes a transition mutation?
What is a consequence of a non-synonymous mutation?
What is a consequence of a non-synonymous mutation?
Which of the following correctly characterizes a silent mutation?
Which of the following correctly characterizes a silent mutation?
What is the primary characteristic of a frameshift mutation?
What is the primary characteristic of a frameshift mutation?
Which statement best describes the genetic code's redundancy?
Which statement best describes the genetic code's redundancy?
Which of the following types of mutations involves replacing one base with another of a different category?
Which of the following types of mutations involves replacing one base with another of a different category?
What role do codons play in the genetic code?
What role do codons play in the genetic code?
Flashcards
Genetic Variants
Genetic Variants
Changes in the DNA sequence that can affect the function of a gene or protein.
DNA Nucleotides
DNA Nucleotides
The four building blocks of DNA: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T).
Codon
Codon
A group of three DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid.
Genetic Code
Genetic Code
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Point Mutation
Point Mutation
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Transition Mutation
Transition Mutation
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Transversion Mutation
Transversion Mutation
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Indel (Insertion/Deletion)
Indel (Insertion/Deletion)
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Study Notes
DNA Nucleotides
- DNA is made up of four nucleotides: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C).
- Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.
- Adenine and Guanine are purines.
- Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines.
Genetic Code
- Three nucleotides (a codon) specify an amino acid.
- The genetic code table shows the codons and corresponding amino acids.
- Example: UUU codes for Phenylalanine.
- The genetic code is redundant, meaning some amino acids can be coded for by more than one codon.
- This redundancy helps to reduce the impact of mutations.
Types of Genetic Variants
- DNA Mutations: Changes in the DNA sequence.
- Point Mutations: Changes in a single nucleotide.
- Substitution: Replacing one nucleotide with another.
- Transition: Swapping a purine for a purine or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine.
- Transversion: Swapping a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa.
- Consequences:
- Synonymous/Silent: No change in the encoded amino acid.
- Missense: Change in the encoded amino acid.
- Nonsense: Change to a stop codon, truncating the protein.
- Substitution: Replacing one nucleotide with another.
- Insertion/Deletion (Indels): Additions or removals of one or more nucleotides.
- In-Frame: Insertions/deletions in multiples of three, maintaining the reading frame.
- Frame-Shift: Insertions/deletions not in multiples of three, altering the reading frame which changes the entire downstream amino acid sequence.
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