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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of meiosis in human reproduction?
What is the primary function of meiosis in human reproduction?
What role do alveoli play in the respiratory system?
What role do alveoli play in the respiratory system?
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
Which blood component is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen?
Which blood component is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen?
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Which of the following describes a heterozygous genotype?
Which of the following describes a heterozygous genotype?
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What does incomplete dominance result in when alleles blend?
What does incomplete dominance result in when alleles blend?
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What is the function of the diaphragm during breathing?
What is the function of the diaphragm during breathing?
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In a dihybrid Punnett square, how many boxes are typically included?
In a dihybrid Punnett square, how many boxes are typically included?
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Which part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
Which part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
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What type of circulation involves the heart and lungs?
What type of circulation involves the heart and lungs?
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Which of the following best describes a phenotype?
Which of the following best describes a phenotype?
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What is the role of crossing over during prophase in meiosis?
What is the role of crossing over during prophase in meiosis?
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In terms of blood type genetics, what is the phenotype of an individual with genotype $IAi$?
In terms of blood type genetics, what is the phenotype of an individual with genotype $IAi$?
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Gregor Mendel is known for his work with what type of plants?
Gregor Mendel is known for his work with what type of plants?
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Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body?
Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body?
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What is the primary function of white blood cells?
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
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Study Notes
Genetics
- Genetics is the study of heredity and variation.
- Heredity describes the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
- Mitosis is cell division for growth and repair of body cells.
- Meiosis is cell division for reproduction (sperm and egg).
- Chromosomes contain genetic material (DNA) inside the nucleus.
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded molecule containing genes.
- Genes are the basic units of heredity, determining traits.
- Traits are specific characteristics.
- Alleles are variations of a gene (e.g., different hair colors).
- Dominant alleles (capital letters) are expressed when present.
- Recessive alleles (lowercase letters) are only expressed when two copies are present.
- Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a gene (e.g., RR or rr).
- Heterozygous means having two different alleles for a gene (e.g., Rr).
- Genotype refers to the genetic makeup (alleles).
- Phenotype refers to the observable traits.
- Gregor Mendel is the "Father of Genetics", known for his pea plant experiments.
- Mutations are sudden changes in DNA structure that can be abnormal.
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Inheritance patterns:
- Monohybrid Punnett Squares (4 boxes) are used to predict the inheritance of one trait.
- Dihybrid Punnett Squares (16 boxes) predict two traits.
- Non-Mendelian inheritance includes incomplete dominance (blended traits) and codominance (both traits are visible).
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Human chromosomes:
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- 22 pairs determine traits.
- The 23rd pair determines sex (XX = female, XY = male).
- Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (23).
- Diploid cells have the full number (46).
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Meiosis phases:
- Prophase: Chromosomes cross over.
- Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase: Usual meiotic stages.
Respiratory System
- Respiratory system facilitates gas exchange—taking in oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide.
- Metabolism requires oxygen.
- Breathing is the process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
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Respiratory tract:
- Upper respiratory tract includes the nasal cavity and pharynx (throat).
- Lower respiratory tract includes the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and alveoli (air sacs).
- Diaphragm aids respiration by expanding/contracting the chest cavity.
- Lungs are the main organs for gas exchange.
Circulatory System
- Circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to and from cells.
- Heart is a pump that moves blood through the body.
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Blood vessels:
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
- Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Capillaries connect arteries & veins, facilitating gas exchange.
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Heart chambers:
- Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
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Blood circulation:
- Pulmonary circulation: Heart to lungs (deoxy. blood to lungs & oxygenated blood back to heart).
- Systemic circulation: Heart to rest of the body (oxy. blood to body & deoxygenated blood back to heart)
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Blood components:
- Red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen and remove waste.
- White blood cells (WBCs) protect the body from infection.
- Platelets aid in blood clotting.
- Plasma is the liquid component and makes up 55% of blood.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of genetics, including heredity, cell division, and the role of DNA in determining traits. This quiz covers key terms like alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes to help reinforce your understanding of this essential biological topic.
