Genetics Overview

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Questions and Answers

Match the following types of RNA with their functions:

mRNA = Carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell rRNA = Combines with proteins to form ribosomes tRNA = Carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis RNA polymerase = Links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription

Match the following terms related to transcription with their definitions:

Promoter = Specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription Intron = Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein Exon = Expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein Transcription = Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Match the following processes with their explanations:

Translation = Process by which the sequence of bases of a mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein Gene expression = Process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function Mutation = Change in the genetic material of a cell RNA interference = Introduction of double stranded RNA into a cell to inhibit gene expression

Match the following types of mutations with their descriptions:

Point mutation = Gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed Frameshift mutation = Mutation that shifts the 'reading frame' of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide Mutagen = Chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation Polyploidy = Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following genetic terms with their characteristics:

Genome = Entire set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA Karyotype = Micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs Sex chromosome = One of two chromosomes that determines an individual's sex Autosome = Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their roles in protein synthesis:

Codon = Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid Anticodon = Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to a codon of mRNA Genetic code = Collection of codons of mRNA directing the incorporation of amino acids into proteins Polypeptide = Long chain of amino acids that makes proteins Signup and view all the answers

Match the following genetic concepts with their descriptions:

Gene expression = Process by which a gene produces its product Transcription = Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template Translation = Conversion of mRNA sequence to amino acids in a protein Codons = Sequences of three nucleotides on mRNA that code for amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Match the following genetic terms with their definitions:

Gamete = Sex cell Trait = Specific characteristics of an individual Gene = Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein Hybrid = Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their descriptions:

Phenotype = Physical characteristics of an organism Genotype = Genetic makeup of an organism Homozygous = Having two identical alleles for a particular gene Heterozygous = Having two different alleles for a particular gene Signup and view all the answers

Match the reproduction processes with their descriptions:

Fertilization = Process in sexual reproduction where male and female cells join Meiosis = Process that cuts chromosome number in half Crossing over = Exchange of chromatids during meiosis Transformation = Change of one bacterial strain by genes from another strain Signup and view all the answers

Match the genetic principles with their explanations:

Principle of dominance = Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive Independent assortment = Genes for different traits segregate independently Segregation = Separation of alleles during gamete formation Codominance = Phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed Signup and view all the answers

Match the phases or structures with their descriptions:

Tetrad = Structure containing four chromatids during meiosis Diploid = Cell containing two sets of homologous chromosomes Zygote = Fertilized egg Bacteriophage = Virus that infects bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of DNA with their roles:

Base pairing = Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between specific bases DNA polymerase = Principal enzyme involved in DNA replication Replication = Process of copying DNA prior to cell division Telomere = Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Match the traits with their qualities:

Multiple alleles = A gene with more than two alleles Polygenic trait = Trait controlled by two or more genes Incomplete dominance = One allele not completely dominant over another Homologous chromosomes = One set from male and one from female parent Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of RNA with their functions:

Messenger RNA = Type of RNA responsible for carrying instructions Ribonucleic acid = Single-stranded nucleic acid containing ribose Transfer RNA = Type of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes Ribosomal RNA = Component of ribosomes essential for protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a Punnett square in genetics?

It determines the probability of genotype combinations from a genetic cross. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes having two identical alleles for a particular gene?

Homozygous (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of independent assortment state?

Genes for different traits can segregate independently during gamete formation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of crossing over?

Homologous chromosomes exchange segments of their chromatids. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a polygenic trait?

A trait controlled by multiple genes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of an organism is referred to as its phenotype?

The specific traits expressed physically. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of complete dominance in genetics?

One allele completely masks the effect of another allele. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which process refers to the copying of DNA before cell division?

Replication (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

To carry each amino acid to a ribosome (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a frameshift mutation?

A mutation that shifts the reading frame by inserting or deleting nucleotides (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence functions as a starting point for RNA polymerase during transcription?

Promoter (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the cell?

To make up the structural and functional components of ribosomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gene expression, what is an exon?

A sequence that is expressed and codes for a protein (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the genetic code?

It consists of a series of codons that guide amino acid incorporation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is characterized by changes in a single base pair?

Point mutation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an anticodon in protein synthesis?

To match with codons in mRNA during translation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gene

A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait.

Allele

One of a number of different forms of a gene.