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What term describes two or more alternative forms of a gene?
What term describes two or more alternative forms of a gene?
Which of the following correctly defines a recessive trait?
Which of the following correctly defines a recessive trait?
An individual with the genotype RR for seed shape is described as:
An individual with the genotype RR for seed shape is described as:
Which term describes the genetic constitution inherited from the parents?
Which term describes the genetic constitution inherited from the parents?
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Which of the following statements about dominant traits is true?
Which of the following statements about dominant traits is true?
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What defines a heterozygous individual?
What defines a heterozygous individual?
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What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotypes Rr?
What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotypes Rr?
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Which of the following describes the role of a gene?
Which of the following describes the role of a gene?
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What does the F1 generation represent in a genetic cross?
What does the F1 generation represent in a genetic cross?
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Which term describes the mating of closely related individuals in genetic studies?
Which term describes the mating of closely related individuals in genetic studies?
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What phenotype ratio is observed in the F2 generation from a typical monohybrid cross?
What phenotype ratio is observed in the F2 generation from a typical monohybrid cross?
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In a dihybrid cross, how many character pairs are studied simultaneously?
In a dihybrid cross, how many character pairs are studied simultaneously?
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What describes the relationship between the parental plants used in Mendel's experiments?
What describes the relationship between the parental plants used in Mendel's experiments?
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What is the F2 generation produced from inbreeding of the F1 generation called?
What is the F2 generation produced from inbreeding of the F1 generation called?
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Which of the following best describes a monohybrid cross?
Which of the following best describes a monohybrid cross?
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If the phenotypic ratio obtained from a monohybrid cross is approximately 3:1, what does this imply?
If the phenotypic ratio obtained from a monohybrid cross is approximately 3:1, what does this imply?
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In Mendel's experiments, what trait was shown in the F1 generation?
In Mendel's experiments, what trait was shown in the F1 generation?
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What ratio was observed in the phenotypic expression in the F2 generation?
What ratio was observed in the phenotypic expression in the F2 generation?
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How do gametes carry the alleles during the formation?
How do gametes carry the alleles during the formation?
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What does self-fertilization of the F1 generation result in concerning genotypes?
What does self-fertilization of the F1 generation result in concerning genotypes?
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What conclusion can be drawn about allele contributions from parents based on the given observations?
What conclusion can be drawn about allele contributions from parents based on the given observations?
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Why do reciprocal crosses yield the same results in Mendel's experiments?
Why do reciprocal crosses yield the same results in Mendel's experiments?
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What genotypes exhibit the same phenotype in Mendelian inheritance?
What genotypes exhibit the same phenotype in Mendelian inheritance?
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What occurs to a trait that did not appear in the F1 generation?
What occurs to a trait that did not appear in the F1 generation?
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What is the primary concept of the Law of Segregation?
What is the primary concept of the Law of Segregation?
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What ratio was observed in F2 generation of round and wrinkled seeds?
What ratio was observed in F2 generation of round and wrinkled seeds?
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In the context of Mendel's crosses, what did the F1 generation of yellow and green seeds display?
In the context of Mendel's crosses, what did the F1 generation of yellow and green seeds display?
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Which of the following results was reported from the F2 generation of purple and white petals?
Which of the following results was reported from the F2 generation of purple and white petals?
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What does the Law of Independent Assortment describe?
What does the Law of Independent Assortment describe?
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What was the total number of long and short flowers in the F2 generation?
What was the total number of long and short flowers in the F2 generation?
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Which pair of parental phenotypes produced an F2 ratio of approximately 3:1?
Which pair of parental phenotypes produced an F2 ratio of approximately 3:1?
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What percentage of offspring in the F2 generation of green and yellow pods were green?
What percentage of offspring in the F2 generation of green and yellow pods were green?
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What does the Law of Independent Assortment state regarding alleles of different gene pairs during meiosis?
What does the Law of Independent Assortment state regarding alleles of different gene pairs during meiosis?
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Which of the following best describes Mendel's basis for the Law of Independent Assortment?
Which of the following best describes Mendel's basis for the Law of Independent Assortment?
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In Mendel's experiments with parents RRYY and rryy, what genotype will the F1 generation exhibit?
In Mendel's experiments with parents RRYY and rryy, what genotype will the F1 generation exhibit?
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What is referred to as Mendel’s third law of heredity?
What is referred to as Mendel’s third law of heredity?
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When forming gametes, each gamete receives which of the following?
When forming gametes, each gamete receives which of the following?
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Which term describes the process where the assortment of alleles of different traits occurs randomly?
Which term describes the process where the assortment of alleles of different traits occurs randomly?
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What happens to alleles of different traits when gametes are formed?
What happens to alleles of different traits when gametes are formed?
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In the context of the Law of Independent Assortment, what is the outcome when gametes combine?
In the context of the Law of Independent Assortment, what is the outcome when gametes combine?
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What is the process called when a plant's pollen fertilizes its own stigma?
What is the process called when a plant's pollen fertilizes its own stigma?
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What is the outcome of selfing or sib-mating in terms of generating the F2 generation?
What is the outcome of selfing or sib-mating in terms of generating the F2 generation?
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Which of the following represents the gametes produced by parents with genotypes RrYy?
Which of the following represents the gametes produced by parents with genotypes RrYy?
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What does the Punnett square illustrate during fertilization of RrYy parents?
What does the Punnett square illustrate during fertilization of RrYy parents?
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In the F2 generation, what is the expected ratio of the genotype RrYy?
In the F2 generation, what is the expected ratio of the genotype RrYy?
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How do the alleles of two gene pairs separate during meiosis according to the law of independent assortment?
How do the alleles of two gene pairs separate during meiosis according to the law of independent assortment?
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What is the total number of distinct genotypes observed in the F2 generation from a dihybrid cross?
What is the total number of distinct genotypes observed in the F2 generation from a dihybrid cross?
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Which alleles result from the combinations of gametes RY, Ry, rY, and ry in a Punnett square?
Which alleles result from the combinations of gametes RY, Ry, rY, and ry in a Punnett square?
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Study Notes
Gene Segregation and Interaction
- Genetics lecture 4 covers gene segregation and interaction
- Prepared by Helen LV. Ebuña, Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Central Mindanao University
- Lecture references Bio 31 (Principles of Genetics)
Terminologies
- Factor: A particle in an organism responsible for inheritance and expressing traits
- Gene: A segment of DNA determining inheritance and expression of a trait; previously called a "factor" by Mendel
- Alleles/Allelomorphs: Alternative forms of a gene (e.g., round or wrinkled seed shape in peas)
- Dominant: Trait appearing in the 1st filial (F1) generation; dominant allele
- Recessive: Trait hidden in the 1st filial (F1) generation; recessive allele
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an individual (inherited from parents)
- Phenotype: The observable traits (morphology, physiology, behavior) of an organism for a specific trait (eg, seed shape)
- Homozygous: Individual with identical alleles for a trait (e.g., RR or rr)
- Heterozygous: Individual with dissimilar alleles for a trait (e.g., Rr)
- Parent (P) generation: The original parents of a cross
- F1 generation: The progeny produced from the parent (P) generation
- F2 generation: The progeny from self-hybridization or inbreeding of the F1 generation individuals
- Inbreeding: Mating of closely related individuals in a progeny (e.g., F1)
- Monohybrid cross: Cross between parents differing in a single pair of contrasting characters
- Monohybrid ratio: The phenotypic ratio of dominant to recessive traits obtained from a monohybrid cross in the F2 generation (e.g., 3:1)
Dihybrid cross
- Cross that simultaneously studies two pairs of contrasting characters
Mendel's Hybridization Experiments
- Involved testing 7 individual characters by hybridizing 2 varieties with alternative traits (e.g., tall x short, green-seeded x yellow-seeded)
- 1st generation (F1) plants showed only one of the traits.
- The hidden trait reappeared in the 2nd generation (F2)
Law of Dominance
- In a hybrid union, the allele expressing itself phenotypically is dominant
- while the other allele(s) is recessive.
Pea Traits Studied by Mendel
- Provided a summary table of various pea traits, their dominant and recessive forms and their ratio values in the F2 generation.
Dominant and Recessive Characters in Plants and Animals
- Displays examples of dominant and recessive characters in plants (e.g. sorghum) and animals (e.g., mice)
Law of Segregation
- Each parent contributes equally to the progeny
- Factors/alleles separate during gametes formation.
Law of Independent Assortment
- Alleles of different gene pairs separate independently, combining randomly during meiosis.
- Mendel based this on dihybrid cross results
Chi-Square test
- Statistical test for determining if observed data fits expected Mendelian ratios
- Formula: χ² = Σ [(Observed Value - Expected Value)² / Expected Value] (for n > 2)
- Degrees of freedom (df) = n − 1
Chromosomal Basis of Mendelian Laws
- Sutton and Boveri (1900) linked Mendelian laws with chromosomes behavior.
- Chromosomes exist in pairs
- Alleles of a gene pair separate during meiosis
- Allele pairs are in pairs immediately after fertilization
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Description
This quiz focuses on the key concepts of gene segregation and interaction as discussed in Genetics Lecture 4. It covers important terminologies such as factors, genes, alleles, and the definitions of dominant and recessive traits. Expand your understanding of genotype and phenotype in relation to inheritance.
