Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic variation?
Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic variation?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
In a food chain, what is the term for the energy transferred from one trophic level to the next?
In a food chain, what is the term for the energy transferred from one trophic level to the next?
What is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions?
What is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions?
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What is the term for the 'building blocks of life'?
What is the term for the 'building blocks of life'?
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What is the process by which RNA is created from a DNA template?
What is the process by which RNA is created from a DNA template?
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What is the term for the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
What is the term for the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
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What is the term for the variety of different species within an ecosystem?
What is the term for the variety of different species within an ecosystem?
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Which hormone stimulates the growth of the uterine lining during the follicular phase?
Which hormone stimulates the growth of the uterine lining during the follicular phase?
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What is the function of prostaglandins in the menstrual cycle?
What is the function of prostaglandins in the menstrual cycle?
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Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the release of an egg from the ovary?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the release of an egg from the ovary?
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What is the term for the process by which the uterus prepares for a potential pregnancy every month?
What is the term for the process by which the uterus prepares for a potential pregnancy every month?
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What is the molecule that contains genetic information?
What is the molecule that contains genetic information?
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What is the term for the expression of a trait when an individual has one dominant and one recessive allele?
What is the term for the expression of a trait when an individual has one dominant and one recessive allele?
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Which of the following is NOT a chamber of the heart?
Which of the following is NOT a chamber of the heart?
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart muscle relax?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart muscle relax?
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Study Notes
Genetics
Key Concepts:
- DNA Structure: Double helix model, composed of nucleotides (A, C, G, and T)
- Genotype: Genetic makeup of an individual (e.g., BB or Bb)
- Phenotype: Physical characteristics resulting from genotype (e.g., blue eyes or brown eyes)
- Mendelian Inheritance: Laws of inheritance, including segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
- Genetic Variation: Sources of variation, including mutation, recombination, and gene flow
Molecular Genetics:
- Replication: Semi-conservative process, where DNA is replicated in a 5' to 3' direction
- Transcription: Process of creating RNA from DNA template, using RNA polymerase
- Translation: Process of creating protein from mRNA, using ribosomes
Cell Biology
Cell Structure:
- Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane, regulating what enters/leaves cell
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance, site of cellular activity
- Nucleus: Control center, containing genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: Powerhouses, generating energy for cell (ATP production)
Cellular Processes:
- Cell Division: Binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis
- Cell Signaling: Communication between cells, using hormones, neurotransmitters, and receptor proteins
- Cellular Transport: Passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport (pumps)
Ecology
Key Concepts:
- Ecosystems: Interacting populations, communities, and environments
- Energy Flow: Transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next (producer, consumer, decomposer)
- ** Nutrient Cycles**: Biogeochemical cycles, including carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Population Ecology:
- Population Growth: Exponential growth, logistic growth, and limiting factors
- Population Dynamics: Interaction between populations, including competition, predation, and symbiosis
Community Ecology:
- Species Interactions: Types of interactions, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
- Community Structure: Composition, diversity, and complexity of species interactions
Genetics
DNA Structure
- Double helix model composed of nucleotides (A, C, G, and T)
Inheritance
- Genotype: Genetic makeup of an individual (e.g., BB or Bb)
- Phenotype: Physical characteristics resulting from genotype (e.g., blue eyes or brown eyes)
Mendelian Inheritance
- Laws of Inheritance: Segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
Variation
- Sources of Variation: Mutation, recombination, and gene flow
Molecular Genetics
Replication
- Semi-Conservative Process: DNA replication in a 5' to 3' direction
Transcription
- Creating RNA from DNA: Process using RNA polymerase
Translation
- Creating Protein from mRNA: Process using ribosomes
Cell Biology
Cell Structure
- Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane regulating what enters/leaves cell
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance, site of cellular activity
- Nucleus: Control center containing genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: Powerhouses generating energy for cell (ATP production)
Cellular Processes
Cell Division
- Binary Fission: Asexual reproduction
- Mitosis: Cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells
- Meiosis: Cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells
Cell Signaling
- Communication between Cells: Using hormones, neurotransmitters, and receptor proteins
Cellular Transport
- Passive Transport: Diffusion, osmosis
- Active Transport: Pumps
Ecology
Key Concepts
Ecosystems
- Interacting Populations: Communities and environments
Energy Flow
- Transfer of Energy: From one trophic level to the next (producer, consumer, decomposer)
Nutrient Cycles
- Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles
Population Ecology
Population Growth
- Exponential Growth: Rapid growth with no limits
- Logistic Growth: Growth with limits due to environmental factors
- Limiting Factors: Factors affecting population growth (e.g., resources, predators)
Population Dynamics
- Interaction between Populations: Competition, predation, and symbiosis
Community Ecology
Species Interactions
- Types of Interactions: Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
Community Structure
- Composition, Diversity, and Complexity: Of species interactions
Menstruation
- The menstrual cycle is a biological process that prepares the uterus for a potential pregnancy every month.
- The cycle consists of four phases: menstruation, follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase.
- Menstruation occurs between days 1-5, involving the shedding of the uterine lining.
- The follicular phase (days 1-14) sees ovarian follicles producing estrogen, thickening the uterine lining.
- Ovulation occurs on day 14, with the release of an egg from the ovary.
- The luteal phase (days 15-28) involves the empty follicle producing progesterone, preparing the uterus for implantation.
- Estrogen stimulates uterine lining growth, while progesterone prepares the uterus for implantation.
- Prostaglandins cause uterine contractions, aiding in the shedding of the uterine lining.
Genetics
- DNA is a molecule containing genetic information, structured as a double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, T).
- Genes are segments of DNA that code for a specific trait or function.
- Gene expression is the process of converting genetic information into a functional product (e.g., protein).
- Autosomal dominant traits require a single copy of the dominant allele to express, while autosomal recessive traits require two copies of the recessive allele.
Heart
- The heart has four chambers: left and right atria, and left and right ventricles.
- The septum is a wall of tissue separating the atria and ventricles.
- Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, flows to the right ventricle, and then to the lungs.
- Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium, flows to the left ventricle, and then to the rest of the body.
- Diastole is the heart muscle relaxing, allowing the heart to fill with blood, while systole is the heart muscle contracting, pumping blood out of the heart.
Circulatory System
- The circulatory system delivers oxygen to the body's tissues, removes carbon dioxide, and transports nutrients.
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the blood and tissues.
- Blood pressure corresponds to the highest pressure during systole (systolic pressure) and the lowest pressure during diastole (diastolic pressure).
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Description
Test your knowledge of genetics with this quiz covering DNA structure, genotype, phenotype, Mendelian inheritance, and genetic variation.
