Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the focus of genetics?
Which of the following best describes the focus of genetics?
- The study of the structure and function of cells.
- The study of the classification of living organisms.
- The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
- The study of heredity and the transfer of genes from parents to offspring. (correct)
Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics suggested which of the following?
Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics suggested which of the following?
- Traits are passed down randomly, with no influence from the environment.
- Inheritance is determined by discrete particles that do not blend.
- Organisms inherit traits that their parents developed during their lifetimes through use or disuse. (correct)
- Genetic information is carried by chromosomes.
The blending theory of inheritance, predominant in the 19th century, proposed that:
The blending theory of inheritance, predominant in the 19th century, proposed that:
- Traits are acquired during an organism's life and then passed on.
- Traits are passed down independently and do not influence each other.
- Offspring traits are a mix of parental traits, similar to blending colors. (correct)
- Genes are located on chromosomes and follow specific inheritance patterns.
What was the central idea behind Darwin's theory of pangenesis?
What was the central idea behind Darwin's theory of pangenesis?
Which concept introduced by Mendel is essential to understanding inheritance?
Which concept introduced by Mendel is essential to understanding inheritance?
According to Mendel's principle of segregation, what occurs during the formation of gametes?
According to Mendel's principle of segregation, what occurs during the formation of gametes?
What significance did Mendel's use of a mathematical/statistical approach have on the study of biology?
What significance did Mendel's use of a mathematical/statistical approach have on the study of biology?
What was a key reason Mendel's work was not immediately recognized by the scientific community?
What was a key reason Mendel's work was not immediately recognized by the scientific community?
Who were the key researchers who rediscovered Mendel's work around 1900?
Who were the key researchers who rediscovered Mendel's work around 1900?
What did Boveri and Sutton independently postulate in 1902 regarding genetic information?
What did Boveri and Sutton independently postulate in 1902 regarding genetic information?
Which of the following is a fundamental principle of the chromosome theory of inheritance?
Which of the following is a fundamental principle of the chromosome theory of inheritance?
According to the chromosome theory of inheritance, what happens to homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
According to the chromosome theory of inheritance, what happens to homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
What major discovery occurred during the 'DNA Era' of genetics?
What major discovery occurred during the 'DNA Era' of genetics?
What was Rosalind Franklin's primary contribution to the discovery of the DNA structure?
What was Rosalind Franklin's primary contribution to the discovery of the DNA structure?
What is a key development that occurred during the OMICS Era?
What is a key development that occurred during the OMICS Era?
What is the focus of study in the OMICS era of genetics, beyond just DNA structure?
What is the focus of study in the OMICS era of genetics, beyond just DNA structure?
What is considered a significant achievement of the OMICS era related to the human genome?
What is considered a significant achievement of the OMICS era related to the human genome?
How do environmental factors influence genetics, particularly in the context of epigenetics?
How do environmental factors influence genetics, particularly in the context of epigenetics?
Which technology universally used for gene editing during the OMICs era defies Mendelian Genetics?
Which technology universally used for gene editing during the OMICs era defies Mendelian Genetics?
In the context of genetic inheritance, what does the blending theory primarily suggest?
In the context of genetic inheritance, what does the blending theory primarily suggest?
Prior to Mendel's work, what was the prevailing explanation for the inheritance of traits?
Prior to Mendel's work, what was the prevailing explanation for the inheritance of traits?
Which principle or theory did Gregor Mendel formulate based on his experiments with pea plants?
Which principle or theory did Gregor Mendel formulate based on his experiments with pea plants?
What does Mendel's principle of segregation propose about the behavior of genes during gamete formation?
What does Mendel's principle of segregation propose about the behavior of genes during gamete formation?
How did the use of a mathematical approach affect Mendel's study of heredity?
How did the use of a mathematical approach affect Mendel's study of heredity?
Why was the work of Boveri and Sutton significant in the advancement of genetics?
Why was the work of Boveri and Sutton significant in the advancement of genetics?
How does the chromosome theory of inheritance explain the transmission of genetic information?
How does the chromosome theory of inheritance explain the transmission of genetic information?
What role did Rosalind Franklin play in the discovery of the structure of DNA?
What role did Rosalind Franklin play in the discovery of the structure of DNA?
During the OMICS era, what is one of the significant advances with regard to the human genome?
During the OMICS era, what is one of the significant advances with regard to the human genome?
How does epigenetics contribute to our understanding of genetic expression?
How does epigenetics contribute to our understanding of genetic expression?
Flashcards
What is Genetics?
What is Genetics?
The study of heredity, focusing on how parents pass genes onto their offspring.
Lamarckian Inheritance
Lamarckian Inheritance
This theory suggests that organisms can pass on characteristics acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. It has been disproven.
Blending Theory of Inheritance
Blending Theory of Inheritance
A superseded theory that genetic material from two parents blends together, resulting in offspring with intermediate traits.
Pangenesis
Pangenesis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Factors (genes)
Factors (genes)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mendel's key result
Mendel's key result
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetics in 1900-1940s
Genetics in 1900-1940s
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genes and chromosomes
Genes and chromosomes
Signup and view all the flashcards
OMICS Era
OMICS Era
Signup and view all the flashcards
Extranuclear inheritance
Extranuclear inheritance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chargaff Rule
Chargaff Rule
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
- Genetics is the study of heredity
- Heredity is the process where a parent passes genes onto their children
Inception of Genetics
- The theory of inheritance came before Mendel
- The theory of acquired characteristics was supported by Lamarck
- Darwin's idea of pangenesis was inspired by Hippocrates
- Mendel experimented with "elementen" or factors
- The chromosome theory of inheritance states that chromosomes are hereditary elements
- Genetics progressed through the DNA era into the OMICS era
Before Mendel: Lamarckian Inheritance
- Lamarck suggested use and disuse dictated which features persisted
- He believed acquired characters could be inherited
Blending Theory of Inheritance
- The blending theory was common in the 19th century
- Germ cells contain essences from somatic cells
- A problem with the blending theory is not all traits blended like blue eyes + dark eyes = dark eyes
Pangenesis
- Darwin theorized "gemmules" are minute inheritance particles thrown off by all cells
- Pangenesis theorizes that an organism's environment modifies gemmules
- These modified gemmules were seen to congregate in reproductive organs to be passed to offspring
- Darwin's theory became unpopular in the 1890s when biologists abandoned the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Mendel's Experiment
- Gregor Mendel lived from 1822-1884
- He experimented with plant hybridization
Mendel's Laws
- Mendel developed three fundamental principles of heredity
Principles of Heredity
- Principle of Dominance
- Principle of Segregation
- Principle of Independent Assortment
Principle of Segregation
- Factors (genes) are not changed or blended in heterozygotes during reproduction
- Instead, factors segregate to be transmitted as discrete particles
Significance of Mendel's Experiment
- Traits observed in offspring are not a blend of both parents
- Each trait is determined by a pair of factors ("elementen") that separate during gamete formation
- Mendel's terms like Genes, chromosomes, Locus, Alleles, Meiosis, and Mitosis had not been coined in his time
- His use of mathematical or statistical approaches was important for biology and natural history
- Discovery of Chromosomes and Meiosis led to the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance and the progression of genetics
Rediscovering Mendel
- Mendel's work was lost for 35 years
- It was rediscovered in the 1900s by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erick von Tschermak
- These plant breeders were all reaching the same conclusions as Mendel
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- Genetic information is carried on chromosomes
- Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton independently postulated this in 1902
Principles of Chromosome Theory
- Chromosomes contain genetic material
- Chromosomes replicate and pass from parent to offspring
- Eukaryotic cells contain chromosomes in homologous pairs
- Homologues segregate to daughter nuclei during meiosis
- Non-homologous chromosomes segregate independently during gamete formation
- Parents contribute one functionally equivalent set of chromosomes to offspring
Modern Genetics
- Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance (CTol) is an accepted law and universally accepted fact of inheritance
- Genes, located in chromosomes, are responsible for traits
- Additional inheritance mechanisms exist, like extranuclear inheritance (mitochondria, chloroplasts)
- Environmental factors play important roles in gene expression
- Environmental factors can cause different expressions in same gene, this is called Epigenetics/"beyond" genetics
The DNA Era
- More research in 1900-1940 resulted in the word "gene" being used and the discovery of jumping genes located inside chromosomes
- The 1950s involved searching for the true forms of genetic material and the start of the DNA era
- Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James Watson, and Francis Crick made key contributions to DNA knowledge at this time
- X-Ray Diffraction Image by RF, Ray Gosling and MW then analyzed by JW and FC, without RF permission, revealed DNA Structure in 1953
- James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1962
- Rosalind Franklin passed away before it was awarded
Double Helix Discovery
- The double helix was revealed by Crick and Watson in April 1953
- Photo 51 was produced by Rosalind Franklin and Ray Gosling at King's College London
- X-ray crystallography was essential to understanding the structure
More Genetic Discoveries
- DNA polymerase was discovered
- Chargaff Rule states C-G and A-T always have the same proportion
- Semiconservative DNA Replication was discovered
- mRNA carries information
- The genetics code was cracked
- Restriction enzymes were discovered
- Cloning and DNA recombination technology was discovered in 1970s
- PCR and Genome Sequencing were discovered in the 1980s
OMICs Era
- Began in the 1980s
- Focuses on the expression of DNA fragments (genes) including Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Metagenomics
- The human genome was 99% sequenced with 99.9% accuracy by 2003
- CRISPR/CAS 9 became universally used for gene editing in 2012
- Gene drives defy Mendelian Genetics by being more accurate and important
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
