Genetics Fundamentals

Genetics

Definition of Genetics

• Study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation
• Examines how traits are passed down from one generation to the next

Key Concepts

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): molecule that contains genetic information
• Genes: segments of DNA that code for specific traits
• Chromosomes: thread-like structures made up of DNA and proteins
• Genotype: genetic makeup of an individual
• Phenotype: physical and behavioral characteristics of an individual

Mendelian Genetics

• Gregor Mendel: father of modern genetics
• Laws of Inheritance:
  1. Law of Segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
  2. Law of Independent Assortment: alleles for different genes are sorted independently
  3. Law of Dominance: dominant alleles mask recessive alleles

Types of Inheritance

• Autosomal Dominant: one copy of the allele is enough to express the trait
• Autosomal Recessive: two copies of the allele are needed to express the trait
• X-Linked: genes located on the X chromosome
• Mitochondrial Inheritance: genes located in the mitochondria

Genetic Variation

• Mutations: changes in the DNA sequence
• Genetic Drift: random changes in the frequency of alleles
• Gene Flow: movement of alleles from one population to another
• Genetic Recombination: shuffling of alleles during meiosis

Applications of Genetics

• Genetic Engineering: manipulation of genes to produce desired traits
• Genetic Testing: identification of genetic disorders or traits
• Genomic Medicine: use of genetic information to diagnose and treat diseases