Genetics Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

  • Sugar (correct)
  • Deoxyribose (correct)
  • Nitrogen containing base (correct)
  • Phosphate (correct)

    • What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide?

    Deoxyribose

    Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?

    Base

    Which four nitrogen bases are shown in model 1?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parts of a nucleotide make up the rungs of the ladder?

    <p>Nitrogen base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parts of the nucleotide make up the sides (backbone) of the ladder?

    <p>Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rungs of the ladder are?

    <p>Antiparallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When one nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hydrogen bonds connect the two bases?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When one nucleotide contains cytosine, what type of base is the cytosine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hydrogen bonds connect the two bases?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the bases arranged in the ladder model of DNA?

    <p>Guanine and cytosine are together and thymine and adenine are together. T/A is first, G/C is second and the order continuously switches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the shape of the double helix.

    <p>The helixes are ovals and connect crossing over like figure eights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the replication of DNA in a cell.

    <ol> <li>Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break, 2. Strands of DNA separate, 3. Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA, 4. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of biological model is DNA helicase?

    <p>Enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA?

    <p>To break nucleotides apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rule is used to join the free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA?

    <p>Pairs that go together T/A, G/C connect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA replication considered semi-conservative?

    <p>Reusing one half of original DNA to make two strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does semi-conservative replication help prevent mutations during DNA replication?

    <p>Because one side is original and only one half has to be replicated decreasing the chances of mistakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base-pair rule?

    <p>Adenine and thymine are always the same and guanine and cytosine are always the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to loose DNA inside of the nucleus?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what part of the cell cycle is the DNA in the cell's nucleus replicated?

    <p>During S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what part of the cell cycle is the DNA in a cell condensed into chromosomes?

    <p>G2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure holds the two sister chromatids together as they prepare for cell division?

    <p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gene mutations cause disease?

    <p>A change in sequence of nucleotides of the DNA results in an error in the code that synthesizes a polypeptide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Tay-Sachs Disease?

    <p>Nervous system disorder, faulty enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Huntington's Disease?

    <p>Nervous system disorder - mind deteriorates, lose coordination, begins during midlife</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Sickle Cell Anemia?

    <p>Sickle shaped cells have less surface area for carrying oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

    <p>Missing enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Nervous system movement disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Albinism?

    <p>Missing an enzyme that makes the pigment melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recombinant DNA?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleotide Structure

    • Nucleotides consist of three components: phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.
    • The sugar present in nucleotides is deoxyribose.
    • Each nucleotide's nitrogen-containing component is referred to as a base.
    • Four nitrogen bases identified in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
    • Nitrogen bases form the rungs of the DNA ladder structure, while phosphate makes up the sides or backbone.
    • The two strands of DNA are arranged in an antiparallel configuration.

    Base Pairing Rules

    • Adenine pairs with thymine across the strands, while guanine pairs with cytosine.
    • The connection consists of two hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and three hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine.
    • The arrangement of bases in DNA features alternating pairs: adenine/thymine followed by guanine/cytosine.

    DNA Structure and Replication

    • The double helix shape shows a structure resembling interconnected ovals.
    • DNA replication involves breaking hydrogen bonds between nucleotides, separating DNA strands, and attaching free nucleotides to exposed bases.
    • DNA helicase is an enzyme that breaks apart nucleotides during replication.
    • The base-pair rule governs how new nucleotides are added to the strands.

    Semi-Conservative Replication

    • DNA replication is termed semi-conservative as it involves reusing one original strand to create two new strands, minimizing mutation risks.
    • The presence of one original strand during replication lowers the likelihood of errors in the newly synthesized DNA.

    Chromosome and Cell Cycle

    • Loose DNA within the nucleus is known as chromatin.
    • DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle, while DNA condenses into chromosomes during the G2 phase.
    • The structure that holds sister chromatids together in preparation for cell division is called the centromere.

    Genetic Disorders and Mutations

    • Gene mutations, which alter nucleotide sequences, can lead to diseases through errors in polypeptide synthesis.
    • Tay-Sachs Disease is characterized by a faulty enzyme affecting the nervous system.
    • Huntington's Disease leads to gradual deterioration of brain function and coordination starting in midlife.
    • Sickle Cell Anemia results in shape-changed cells with reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
    • Phenylketonuria (PKU) is due to a missing enzyme needed to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.
    • Parkinson's Disease is a disorder affecting movement and coordination.
    • Albinism arises from an enzymatic deficiency in melanin production.

    Recombinant DNA Technology

    • Recombinant DNA technology allows for the production of proteins not normally synthesized by specific organisms.
    • Bacteria use circular DNA called plasmids in recombinant procedures.
    • Restriction enzymes cut desired DNA sections for incorporation into plasmids, facilitated by DNA ligase.
    • Bacteria containing recombined plasmids can produce targeted enzymes or hormones.

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    Test your knowledge of the key components of nucleotides with these genetics flashcards. Explore definitions and terms related to nucleotide structure, including sugar types and nitrogen bases. Ideal for students studying biology or genetics.

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