Genetics Flashcards Exam 2

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following errors most likely produces Down syndrome?

  • Nondisjunction during meiosis I
  • Nondisjunction during either meiosis I or II in the female gamete (correct)
  • Nondisjunction during meiosis II
  • Fertilization errors

What condition is characterized by females having only one X chromosome?

Turner syndrome

Two products of the second meiotic division have both the maternal and paternal chromosomes of a set when nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I.

True (A)

What happens if nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I?

<p>Homologous chromosomes fail to separate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if nondisjunction occurs during meiosis II?

<p>Sister chromatids fail to separate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Offspring from a cross between a tetraploid and a diploid member of the same species can undergo sexual reproduction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about allopolyploid individuals is true?

<p>They may be sterile and unable to produce offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes would be found in an allopolyploid plant if its parents had diploid numbers of 4 and 6 respectively?

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crossing over during prophase I of meiosis occurs between alleles on sister chromatids.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gamete formation during meiosis is false?

<p>Parental gametes can be formed only if there is no crossing over during meiosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected F2 phenotypic ratio from a selfed heterozygote with the genotype a + b + / ab?

<p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two genes that are separated by 10 map units show a recombination percentage of 10%.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected frequency of double crossover gametes among three linked genes X, Y, and Z?

<p>1.25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of recombination between genes X and Z if the map distances are 25% and 5%?

<p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Down Syndrome and Nondisjunction

  • Down syndrome, or trisomy 21, incidence rises with maternal age due to nondisjunction during meiosis.
  • Nondisjunction results in gametes with incorrect chromosome numbers, either having an extra or missing chromosome.

Turner Syndrome

  • Turner syndrome occurs in females with only one X chromosome, leading to underdeveloped ovaries.
  • Males lacking an X chromosome generally do not survive, making this condition lethal.

Nondisjunction in Meiosis

  • Nondisjunction during meiosis I leads to gametes with either two copies of a chromosome or none, while the remaining products have the normal set.
  • Nondisjunction in meiosis II results in 50% normal haploid gametes, 25% with an extra chromosome, and 25% missing one.

Tetraploid and Diploid Crosses

  • Crossing a tetraploid with a diploid results in triploid offspring, which cannot reproduce sexually due to uneven chromosome sets.

Allopolyploidy

  • Allopolyploid individuals may be sterile and are not formed by simultaneous fertilization of an ovum by two sperm or by colchicine exposure.
  • The process generally involves mating between different species, leading to hybrid vigor but potential sterility.

Chromosome Counts

  • An allopolyploid plant from diploid parents with counts of 4 and 6 would have a total chromosome count of 5.

Crossing Over in Meiosis

  • Crossing over occurs between nonsister chromatids during prophase I, not between sister chromatids.

Gamete Formation and Linkage

  • Recombinant gametes have new allele combinations not present in the parent cell, while complete linkage only results in parental gametes.
  • Parental gametes may still be formed if crossing over occurs, with a ratio of 3:1 expected for selfed heterozygotes with complete linkage.

Mapping and Recombination

  • A recombination percentage of 10% corresponds to a distance of 10 map units between genes.
  • For linked genes X, Y, and Z with crossover frequencies of 25% (X and Y) and 5% (Y and Z), the expected frequency of double crossover gametes is 1.25%.

Probability of Recombination

  • The probability of recombination between genes X and Z is calculated as 30%, combining the frequencies of single crossovers observed (25% + 5%).

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